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Discover the essential documentation for every spring manufacturer! This document provides detailed guidance on occupational safety in the spring production process, helping you ensure a safe and effective work environment.

Table of Contents

PART I: CURRENT STATE OF SAFETY IN THE SPRING MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

I. General Situation

The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs informs sectors and localities of the occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 and outlines key solutions to proactively prevent incidents and accidents in the last 6 months of 2024. According to reports from 61 out of 63 centrally governed provinces and cities, in the first 6 months of 2024, there were a total of 3,201 occupational accidents nationwide (a decrease of 227 cases, equivalent to 7.09% compared to the same period in 2023), resulting in 3,065 victims (a decrease of 197 people, equivalent to 6.04% compared to the first 6 months of 2023), including both employees under labor contracts and those working without labor contracts. Specifically:

Number of fatal occupational accidents: 320 cases, a decrease of 25 cases (7.25%) compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 245 cases in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 28 cases or 10.3%; and 75 cases in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 3 cases or 4.2% compared to the first 6 months of 2023);
Number of deaths due to occupational accidents: 346 people, a decrease of 7 people or 1.98% compared to the same period in 2023 (including 268 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 13 people or 4.63%; and 78 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 6 people or 8.33%).
Number of people seriously injured: 810 people, an increase of 26 people or 3.32% compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 710 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 5 people or 0.7%; and 100 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 31 people or 44.92%).

Download the PDF file Occupational Accident Report – First 6 Months of 2024 issued by the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs.

The occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 in both sectors with and without labor relations saw a decrease in the number of deaths and fatal accidents compared to the same period in 2023.

II. Some occupational accidents in spring manufacturing plants

In the spring manufacturing industry, occupational accidents can occur for many different reasons, from the use of unsafe equipment to a lack of understanding of proper work procedures. Below are some typical occupational accidents in spring manufacturing plants and the consequences they cause:

Collision with unsafe machinery: In some cases, workers can collide with operating machinery without adequate protection, causing serious injury or even death. This often happens when work procedures are not followed correctly or when there is insufficient supervision.
Lack of personal protective equipment: During work with machinery and equipment, not wearing personal protective equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, or safety shoes can lead to accidents. For example, some workers may be injured by a spring ejecting from a machine and causing skin or eye damage.
Errors in machinery operation: If safety procedures are not followed correctly or if workers are not adequately trained, they can cause accidents when operating spring manufacturing machinery. For example, failing to ensure that material is fed into the machine correctly can lead to an incident.
Equipment failures not properly repaired: If equipment is not properly maintained or repaired, it can become dangerous and lead to accidents. For example, a malfunctioning machine can exert unexpected force, causing injury to the user.
Unsafe work environment: An unsafe work environment, for example, high temperatures, poor ventilation, or air pollution, can also cause accidents or affect the health of workers.

These accidents are a testament to the importance of adhering to safety procedures and strict supervision in spring manufacturing plants. To minimize the risk of accidents, adequate training, maintenance of safety equipment, and promotion of a safety culture are essential.

PART II: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN SPRING PRODUCTION

I. Occupational safety and health for employees operating machines to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring

1. Job characteristics of operating a machine to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring

The main characteristic of the job of operating a machine to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring involves a precise and highly technical process. The technician must have a solid knowledge of how to operate the machine, including setting parameters and adjusting the machine according to the requirements of the final product.

This requires special attention to detail and accuracy, as each pipe bend must ensure the correct dimensions and shape. In addition, operating the machine also requires technical management of raw materials, machine maintenance, and product quality monitoring.

An understanding of the materials, the mechanical properties of the pipes, and bending techniques are important factors to ensure that the final product meets the requirements for elasticity, durability, and the specific shape of the spring. This requires a high level of technical skill and experience in operating and adjusting the machine, as well as the ability to effectively solve complex technical problems.

2. Types of accidents during the operation of a machine to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring

During the operation of an iron pipe bending machine to produce springs, there are several common types of accidents that employees need to be aware of and avoid. One of the main risks is cutting or impact accidents when working near the moving parts of the machine. To avoid this, employees need to follow safety rules, including ensuring that the machine is completely turned off before performing maintenance or repairs.

In addition, the risk of working in an environment with noise and vibration also needs to be considered. Long-term exposure to noise and vibration can be harmful to the health of employees. Therefore, the use of hearing protection and respirators is important.

Furthermore, caution must be exercised when operating the machine to avoid accidents related to the pipe cutting or bending process. The use of protective tools and equipment, along with following safety procedures when working with the machine, is an effective way to minimize the risk of accidents during the production of springs from iron pipes.

3. Causes of accidents when operating a machine to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring

There are several main causes of accidents during the operation of a machine to bend iron pipes to produce springs. One of the significant causes is the lack of knowledge and skills of the machine operator. If they are not adequately trained on how to operate and maintain the machine, they may not recognize dangerous situations and may not know how to respond.

Another cause is a technical failure or breakdown of the machine. If the machine is not working correctly or has mechanical faults, this can lead to unexpected situations and accidents.

In addition, a lack of attention and concentration is also a cause of many accidents. In a busy work environment, employees can easily lose focus and not recognize the potential risks.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when operating a machine to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring

Measures to prevent accidents when operating a machine to bend iron pipes to produce springs are extremely important and can significantly reduce the risk of accidents. One of the main measures is occupational safety training for all employees involved in the production process. This training provides them with the necessary knowledge and skills to recognize and avoid potential risks, as well as how to respond to dangerous situations safely.

In addition, performing regular inspections and maintenance on the machinery is another important measure to ensure that it operates correctly and safely. This inspection should be carried out by highly trained and designated personnel for this job.

The use of personal protective equipment is also an important measure. Ensure that all employees are fully equipped with hearing protection, respirators, safety glasses, gloves, and appropriate protective clothing when working near machinery.

5. Occupational safety regulations when operating a machine to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring

Occupational safety regulations when operating a machine to bend iron pipes to produce springs are extremely important to ensure safety and prevent accidents for employees. First, all employees involved in operating the machine must be fully trained on safety procedures, including the use of personal protective equipment and accident prevention measures.

Ensuring that the machinery is operating correctly and is regularly maintained is also an important part of occupational safety regulations. Any malfunction or breakdown of the machine must be reported and rectified immediately to avoid the risk of accidents.

In addition, the use of personal protective equipment is mandatory and not optional. All employees must ensure that they are using full protective gear such as helmets, safety glasses, gloves, and appropriate protective clothing for the job.

6. Handling emergency accidents when operating a machine to bend iron pipes into the shape of a spring

Handling an emergency accident when operating a machine to bend iron pipes to produce springs is a crucial part of ensuring occupational safety. In the event of an accident, acting quickly and accurately can minimize serious consequences.

First and foremost, the worker must immediately stop the machine and cut off the power or other energy sources to prevent the accident from continuing. Then, they must report the incident to the management or the company’s occupational safety department.

If someone is injured, first aid must be administered immediately. The worker must receive prompt first aid and be transported to the nearest hospital for further treatment.

At the same time, maintaining a detailed record of the accident is also very important. Recording detailed information about the accident, including the time, location, a detailed description of the incident, and the employees involved, will help in investigating the cause and preventing similar accidents in the future.

II. Occupational safety and health for employees operating spring heat treatment machines to improve elasticity

1. Job characteristics of operating a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity

The job of operating a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity requires a deep understanding of the production process and heat treatment techniques. The worker needs to have a clear understanding of the technical parameters of the spring and how to adjust them to achieve the desired elasticity.

Issues such as temperature, heat treatment time, pressure, and the quality of the raw materials all need to be strictly controlled. In addition, time management and problem-solving skills are very important in maintaining the efficiency and quality of the product.

To improve elasticity, checking and adjusting the machine’s operating parameters in real-time will be an important part of the process, along with training employees on the latest techniques and work procedures. At the same time, regular maintenance and upkeep of the machinery must also be carried out to ensure the machine always operates stably and achieves the highest possible performance.

2. Types of accidents during the operation of a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity

During the operation of a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity, several common types of accidents can occur. One of the main risks is injury from collision with the moving parts of the machine. This can happen when the worker does not follow safety measures, such as not wearing protective gear, or not paying attention to warning signals.

In addition, exposure to high temperatures during the heat treatment process is also a cause of accidents. The worker may suffer burns if they do not follow safety procedures or do not use the correct protective equipment.

Machine malfunctions can also lead to dangerous situations. Technical failures such as loss of control or gas leaks can cause serious accidents.

3. Causes of accidents when operating a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity

There are many causes of accidents when operating a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity. One of the main causes is a lack of understanding or improper adherence to occupational safety procedures. This can include not wearing adequate protective equipment, not following the rules for safe machinery operation, or not recognizing and responding to dangerous situations.

Second, carelessness or lack of attention during work can also contribute to accidents. This may be the result of fatigue, lack of sleep, or distraction in monitoring the production process.

In addition, technical causes can also contribute to accidents. This can include machine malfunctions, unsafe design, or the use of substandard materials.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when operating a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity

To prevent accidents when operating a spring heat treatment machine and to ensure worker safety, it is necessary to apply several workplace environment monitoring measures.

First of all, ensuring that all employees are trained on safety procedures and the use of protective equipment is very important. This includes wearing masks, helmets, heat-insulating gloves, and hearing protection when working near the heat treatment machine.

Second, establishing safety measures for machine operation is also necessary. This includes inspecting and maintaining the machine regularly to ensure that it operates stably and safely.

In addition, providing a safe work environment is also very important. This can include controlling the temperature and humidity in the workspace, providing adequate lighting and ventilation, and ensuring that the workspace is spacious enough to avoid collisions and accidents.

5. Occupational safety regulations when operating a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity

Occupational safety regulations when operating a spring heat treatment machine play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of employees and the work environment. These regulations often cover many aspects to minimize the risk of accidents and protect the health of employees.

First, employees must be trained on safety procedures and the use of protective equipment. This includes ensuring that they understand how to use protective equipment such as masks, helmets, heat-insulating suits, and heat-insulating gloves when working near the heat treatment machine.

Second, the regulations also often include measures for dealing with dangerous situations such as incidents or accidents. Employees need to know how to act in the event of a machine malfunction or if there is a risk of an accident to ensure their own safety and that of their colleagues.

6. Handling emergency accidents when operating a spring heat treatment machine to improve elasticity

Handling an emergency accident when operating a spring heat treatment machine is a crucial part of ensuring employee safety and preventing a serious situation. When an accident occurs, a quick and effective response can help minimize losses and risks for everyone in the work area.

First of all, workers need to be trained on basic first aid measures and how to handle an emergency. This includes calling for emergency services, providing first aid, and moving the victim out of the danger zone if possible.

In addition, notifying management and other employees about the accident is also very important so they can assist in the rescue and handling of the situation. At the same time, protecting the accident scene and collecting necessary information should also be done to serve the investigation and evaluation later.

III. Occupational safety and health for employees performing electrostatic painting for springs

1. Job characteristics of electrostatic painting for springs

The process of electrostatic painting for springs is an important part of the production process, aimed at providing a quality protective coating and durability for the final product. A special feature of this job is the need to handle the springs carefully and effectively to ensure that the painting is done evenly and has high adhesion.

First, the springs need to be thoroughly prepared before electrostatic painting. This process includes cleaning the surface of the spring to remove dirt, grease, or other contaminants, thereby creating the best conditions for the subsequent paint coating.

Next, the springs will be hung on chains or clamped onto racks for painting. This hanging process needs to be done carefully to ensure that the springs are not deformed or bent during painting.

After that, the springs will be put into the electrostatic painting system, where the paint coating will be applied. Before starting the painting process, the manufacturer needs to determine important parameters such as voltage, current, time, and paint pressure to ensure that the paint layer is evenly coated and has a uniform thickness on the surface of the spring.

2. Types of accidents during the process of electrostatic painting for springs

During the process of electrostatic painting for springs, several types of accidents can occur if safety measures and proper work procedures are not followed. One of the common accidents is related to electrical safety, which can occur if the electrical system is not properly maintained or has technical faults. This can lead to the risk of electric shock or fire.

In addition, accidents due to process errors are also a concern. For example, if the springs are not properly prepared or cleaned before painting, the paint coating may not adhere or may peel off after use, causing a waste of materials and labor.

Furthermore, accidents can occur if safety procedures are not followed when operating electrostatic painting equipment. A lack of care when using chemicals or not wearing adequate protective equipment can also cause health problems for employees and reduce the quality of the final product.

3. Causes of accidents when performing electrostatic painting for springs

There are many causes that can lead to accidents during the process of electrostatic painting for springs. One of the main causes is the lack of knowledge and skills of the employees regarding the work process and safety measures. If employees are not adequately trained on how to use equipment and chemicals, they may make avoidable mistakes, from not preparing the spring surface correctly to not adjusting the electrostatic painting parameters appropriately.

Second, technical problems can also lead to accidents. If the electrostatic painting system is not regularly maintained or has technical faults, this can cause safety or product quality issues. For example, a broken painting device can cause a safety incident or create an uneven paint layer on the spring’s surface.

Finally, the human factor also plays an important role. Lack of attention, negligence, or fatigue can reduce concentration and increase the risk of accidents. Especially in a high-pressure work environment or with a fast production pace, a decrease in attention can lead to serious consequences.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when performing electrostatic painting for springs

To ensure safety and quality during the process of electrostatic painting for springs, there are several important preventive measures that manufacturers can implement. First, ensure that all employees involved in the painting process are fully trained on safety measures, as well as understand the work process and potential risks.

Second, maintain a regular maintenance system for all electrostatic painting equipment, including both the electrical system and the painting machine. Regular maintenance helps to detect and repair technical faults in a timely manner, thereby minimizing the risk of incidents and accidents.

Furthermore, strict adherence to safety procedures when operating equipment and using chemicals is extremely important. Ensure that all employees wear adequate protective equipment, such as masks, gloves, and protective or anti-static clothing to protect their health.

5. Occupational safety regulations when performing electrostatic painting for springs

Occupational safety regulations are an indispensable part of the electrostatic painting process for springs to ensure the protection of the health and safety of employees. First, all employees involved in the painting process must be trained on potential risks and preventive measures, as well as safe work procedures with equipment and chemicals.

In addition, ensuring a clean and comfortable work environment is also an important factor. Ventilation and the removal of dust from the painting process can help minimize the risk of inhaling paint particles or toxic chemicals.

For the operation of electrostatic painting equipment, the regulations must ensure that all equipment is regularly maintained and inspected before each painting process to ensure safe and effective operation.

In addition, ensuring the use of personal protective equipment is also very important. All employees must be fully equipped with protective gear such as masks, gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing to protect them from paint particles and toxic chemicals.

6. Handling emergency accidents when performing electrostatic painting for springs

In the event of an accident during the process of electrostatic painting for springs, handling the situation urgently and effectively is very important to ensure everyone’s safety and to minimize negative consequences.

First, employees must immediately stop all activities and report the accident to the manager or the occupational safety department. Then, the accident area needs to be cordoned off and inspected to ensure the safety of everyone around.

Next, first aid for the injured needs to be administered immediately. If necessary, the first person to arrive at the scene should check the victim’s condition and call for emergency services or take the victim to the nearest hospital.

While waiting for help from fire or rescue teams, identifying and isolating the cause of the accident is extremely important to prevent similar problems from occurring in the future.

IV. Occupational safety and health for employees inspecting the quality of finished springs

1. Job characteristics of inspecting the quality of finished springs

The job of inspecting the quality of finished springs is very important to ensure that the final product meets quality standards. This inspection process usually includes several methods and criteria to assess the quality properties of the spring. First of all, dimensional inspection is an indispensable part.

This includes measuring the outer diameter, core diameter, length, and the distance between the coils of the spring. Accuracy in dimensions is very important because it affects the spring’s ability to function in its final application. Next, testing for elasticity is another important part of the process.

This is usually done by applying a force to the spring and evaluating its deformation under pressure. Durability testing is also important, as the final product must be able to withstand pressure and maintain its properties after a period of use.

Finally, inspecting the material and finish is an important step, ensuring that the spring is made from high-quality material and has no defects that would affect its operation. Overall, inspecting the quality of a spring requires care and detail to ensure that the final product meets the requirements for quality and performance.

2. Types of accidents during the quality inspection of finished springs

During the quality inspection of finished springs, there are several types of accidents that manufacturers and inspection staff need to be aware of to avoid. One of the common accidents is related to occupational safety, including the improper use of inspection equipment or the failure to fully comply with safety procedures.

These accidents can cause injury to employees or damage the spring during the inspection process. Equipment failure is also a significant issue, as malfunctioning inspection equipment can lead to inaccurate results or damage to the product.

Accidents due to impact forces can also occur, especially when applying force to the spring beyond the allowable limit, leading to unwanted deformation or breakage. Finally, management and supervision accidents are also an important factor, as a lack of supervision in the inspection process can lead to unwanted incidents.

To avoid these accidents, ensuring full compliance with safety procedures, regular inspection and maintenance of equipment, along with training employees on occupational safety and inspection procedures, is very important.

3. Causes of accidents when inspecting the quality of finished springs

There are many causes that can lead to accidents when inspecting the quality of finished springs. One of the significant causes is the lack of knowledge and skills of the employees performing the inspection. The technique of inspecting springs requires expertise and experience to ensure that the process is carried out correctly without causing danger to oneself or the product. A lack of knowledge about the inspection equipment can also lead to improper use, reducing the effectiveness and safety of the process.

Another cause is the lack of close management and supervision during the inspection process. When the process is not properly supervised, unsafe behaviors or procedural violations can occur, leading to unwanted accidents. This is especially important when using complex equipment or machinery in the inspection process.

In addition, time pressure can also contribute to accidents. When employees feel pressured to complete the work quickly, they may overlook safety measures or perform the inspection carelessly, leading to a risk of accidents.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when inspecting the quality of finished springs

To prevent accidents when inspecting the quality of finished springs, specific safety measures must be taken. First and foremost, ensure that all employees involved in the inspection process are trained in occupational safety and the inspection process. This training should include the use of inspection equipment, accident prevention measures, and handling of emergency situations.

Second, it is necessary to inspect and regularly maintain the inspection equipment to ensure it operates correctly and safely. This includes checking the balance, calibration, and replacement of broken components to avoid unwanted incidents.

In addition, applying safety measures in the process is very important. This may include the use of personal protective equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, and gowns, as well as following safety rules when using the equipment.

Finally, establishing and implementing careful and accurate inspection procedures also helps to minimize the risk of accidents. This includes following the standard inspection process, ensuring that the steps are performed correctly and no part is missed.

5. Occupational safety regulations when inspecting the quality of finished springs

Occupational safety regulations when inspecting the quality of finished springs are very important to ensure the safety of employees and those involved in the inspection process. First, all employees involved in the inspection must be trained on occupational safety and related regulations. This training should include recognizing and handling potential risks that may occur during the inspection, as well as the use of personal protective equipment and accident prevention measures.

Second, it is necessary to establish and follow specific safety procedures and regulations for each type of inspection. This includes identifying specific risks and applying corresponding preventive measures, as well as ensuring that all employees performing the inspection comply with these safety regulations.

In addition, it is necessary to establish safety measures for the use and maintenance of inspection equipment. This includes performing regular inspections and maintenance to ensure that the equipment operates correctly and does not pose a risk to employees.

6. Handling emergency accidents when inspecting the quality of finished springs

Handling an emergency accident when inspecting the quality of finished springs requires careful preparation and a quick response from both employees and managers. In the event of an accident, the first thing to do is to ensure the safety of all employees by immediately stopping the inspection process and moving everyone out of the danger zone.

Next, it is necessary to implement emergency response measures in a timely manner. This includes calling the rescue team or the occupational safety manager, providing first aid to the injured if necessary, and implementing first aid measures for the victim.

At the same time, it is necessary to investigate the cause of the accident to determine the consequences and root causes. This helps to prevent similar accidents in the future and to improve the quality inspection process.

V. Occupational safety and health for employees packaging finished springs

1. Job characteristics of packaging finished springs

The job of packaging finished springs is a key process in the spring manufacturing procedure. This job requires care and precision to ensure the quality and performance of the final product. First, the springs are arranged and sorted based on size and type, then they are placed into appropriate packaging.

The packaging process usually involves arranging the springs by type or size, then packing them into plastic bags, paper boxes, or other types of packaging depending on the requirements of the product and the customer. The final steps usually include a final quality check and product labeling to ensure easy identification and use.

The spring packaging process not only ensures the safety and protection of the product from damage during transport but also creates convenience for storage and later use.

2. Types of accidents during the packaging of finished springs

During the packaging of finished springs, several common types of accidents can occur. One of the common accidents is when workers operating packaging machinery do not follow the correct safety procedures. Failure to ensure safety when operating machinery can lead to accidents such as impacts, getting hands or fingers caught in the machine, causing injury or even loss of a finger.

In addition, accidents can occur when springs are not packaged correctly, leading to the product being damaged or causing injury to the end-user. Other accidents may include the use of unsafe packaging materials, which can be hazardous to the health of workers or consumers.

Therefore, adhering to safety procedures and quality control is very important to minimize the risk of accidents during the packaging of finished springs.

3. Causes of accidents when packaging finished springs

There are many causes of accidents during the packaging of finished springs. One of the main causes is a lack of knowledge or failure to follow safe work procedures correctly. Employees may not be adequately trained on how to use packaging machinery safely, leading to an increased risk of accidents. Negligence in following occupational safety regulations can also contribute to accidents.

In addition, the use of insufficiently safe or improperly maintained equipment is also a potential cause of accidents. Packaging machinery can have unexpected technical problems if it is not regularly inspected and maintained.

Furthermore, time and production pressure can lead to hasty work, causing employees to not have enough time to work carefully and accurately, increasing the risk of accidents.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when packaging finished springs

To prevent accidents when packaging finished springs, safety measures must be strictly applied. First, training employees on occupational safety procedures and the use of packaging machinery is very important. Ensure that all employees have sufficient knowledge and skills to work safely with the equipment.

Second, ensure that all machinery and equipment are regularly maintained and inspected for safety before use. Timely maintenance and repair can minimize the risk of technical failures and accidents.

In addition, applying specific safety measures in the packaging process, such as using personal protective equipment like gloves and safety glasses, also plays an important role in reducing the risk of accidents.

5. Occupational safety regulations when packaging finished springs

Occupational safety regulations during the packaging of finished springs play an important role in protecting the health and safety of employees. First, all employees involved in the packaging process must be trained on the risks and measures to prevent accidents. This training includes guidance on how to use packaging machinery safely, personal protective measures, and how to handle emergency situations.

Second, the use of personal protective equipment is mandatory. All employees must ensure that they are using a full range of protective equipment such as safety glasses, respirators, gloves, and safety shoes to protect their bodies from the risk of accidents and injuries.

In addition, adhering to specific occupational safety regulations for each type of packaging machinery and equipment is also very important. All employees must understand and follow the instructions for using, maintaining, and operating the equipment safely.

6. Handling emergency accidents when packaging finished springs

In the event of an emergency accident during the packaging of finished springs, handling measures must be taken in a timely and accurate manner to ensure the safety of all employees. First and foremost, it is necessary to stop work immediately and report the accident to the manager. This helps to ensure that emergency measures can be deployed quickly.

Next, providing first aid to the victim is a top priority. Employees should be pre-trained on how to handle emergency cases such as cleaning wounds, using medical tape or rescue bandages, and calling for an ambulance if necessary.

At the same time, preserving the accident scene is important to prevent the situation from getting worse. Packaging and storing the materials or machinery that caused the accident should also be done to ensure the safety of all employees.

Finally, conducting a thorough investigation into the cause of the accident is necessary to prevent recurrence in the future. All employees should participate in this process to learn from the experience and improve occupational safety measures.