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Occupational Safety Document for Operating a Wheel Loader: Essential Guide for Operators. Discover the necessary safety measures, procedures, and knowledge to operate a wheel loader safely and effectively. This document provides detailed guidance and technical information, helping to enhance safety awareness and skills for those working in the construction and mining industries.

Table of Contents

PART I: CURRENT STATUS OF SAFETY WORK RELATED TO WHEEL LOADERS

I. General Situation

The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs informs sectors and localities of the occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 and outlines key solutions to proactively prevent incidents and accidents in the last 6 months of 2024. According to reports from 61 out of 63 centrally governed provinces and cities, in the first 6 months of 2024, there were a total of 3,201 occupational accidents nationwide (a decrease of 227 cases, equivalent to 7.09% compared to the same period in 2023), resulting in 3,065 victims (a decrease of 197 people, equivalent to 6.04% compared to the first 6 months of 2023), including both employees under labor contracts and those working without labor contracts. Specifically:

Number of fatal occupational accidents: 320 cases, a decrease of 25 cases (7.25%) compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 245 cases in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 28 cases or 10.3%; and 75 cases in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 3 cases or 4.2% compared to the first 6 months of 2023);
Number of deaths due to occupational accidents: 346 people, a decrease of 7 people or 1.98% compared to the same period in 2023 (including 268 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 13 people or 4.63%; and 78 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 6 people or 8.33%).
Number of people seriously injured: 810 people, an increase of 26 people or 3.32% compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 710 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 5 people or 0.7%; and 100 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 31 people or 44.92%).

Download the PDF file Occupational Accident Report – First 6 Months of 2024 issued by the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs.

The occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 in both sectors with and without labor relations saw a decrease in the number of deaths and fatal accidents compared to the same period in 2023.

II. Some occupational accidents when operating a wheel loader

Operating a wheel loader requires high attention and technical skill from the operator. However, there is not always sufficient attention and understanding, leading to unfortunate occupational accidents. Below are some common cases of accidents that occur when operating a wheel loader:

Vehicle rollover due to uneven dumping: One of the main causes of accidents is uneven dumping when operating the loader. Overfilling the bucket or dumping too much material to one side can cause the vehicle to roll over, endangering the operator and those nearby.
Collision with unexpected obstacles: During operation, collisions with obstacles such as utility poles, walls, or other vehicles can occur. Not paying attention to the surroundings and over-relying on reinforced glass can lead to serious accidents.
Loss of control on slippery surfaces: Especially in adverse weather conditions like rain, snow, or on slippery ground, loss of control is hard to avoid. The danger can increase if the operator does not adjust speed and driving style appropriately.
Errors during lifting operations: Failure to use safety equipment like lift locks, misjudging the weight of the load, or not ensuring the stability of the load during lifting can lead to a risk of serious occupational accidents.
Lack of knowledge about operation and maintenance: Wheel loader operators need a full understanding of the vehicle’s operation and maintenance to avoid accidents due to technical faults, unexpected breakdowns, or basic failures.

Occupational accidents when operating a wheel loader can cause severe damage to life and property. Therefore, training and adherence to safety rules are crucial to minimize risks and ensure a safe working environment for everyone.

PART II: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH WHEN OPERATING A WHEEL LOADER

I. Introduction

A. Overview of the importance of occupational safety when operating a wheel loader

Occupational safety during the operation of a wheel loader is not just an important factor but the primary responsibility of everyone involved in this work. Maintaining a safe work environment not only protects the lives and health of employees but also helps to enhance productivity and minimize property damage.
Occupational safety is not only a legal obligation but also the foundation of a sustainably developing industry. Establishing and adhering to safety rules during loader operation not only minimizes accident risks but also creates a positive work environment and encourages employee creativity and commitment.
In addition, complying with safety rules also helps to enhance a company’s reputation in the industry. Customers, partners, and regulatory agencies all highly value organizations with a solid and reliable foundation of occupational safety.

B. Important safety protocols and regulations when operating a wheel loader

Adhering to safety protocols and regulations is extremely important to ensure safety when operating a wheel loader. In a hazardous work environment like this, applying specific safety measures is necessary.
First and foremost, ensuring that the driver has been fully trained and understands the safety rules is the most critical factor. Training includes instruction on driving techniques, use of safety equipment, and accident prevention measures.
In addition, regular inspection and maintenance of the vehicle are also an indispensable part of the safety process. Important parts such as the braking system, steering system, and lifting system must be checked periodically to ensure they are functioning correctly.
Safety regulations also include following safe operating guidelines, such as maintaining a safe distance from other workers, reducing speed in hazardous conditions, and always using personal protective equipment like helmets and reflective vests.

II. Components and Functions of a Wheel Loader

A. The different components of a wheel loader

Chassis: This is the main structure of the vehicle, responsible for bearing the load and movement of the entire system. It also includes parts such as the suspension and drivetrain.
Engine: This is the main power source for operating the vehicle, usually located at the rear or front of the vehicle. The power and efficiency of the engine play a crucial role in the vehicle’s operational capability.
Drivetrain: This includes the gearbox, front and rear axles, and the system that converts and transmits power from the engine to the wheels to perform movements.
Lifting System: This is the main part for lifting and moving materials. It includes the bucket and the hydraulic system to control the bucket.
Steering and Control System: This includes the steering wheel, control levers, and other mechanisms that allow the operator to control and operate the vehicle safely and effectively.
Braking System: This ensures the vehicle can stop safely when necessary. It includes both the main service brakes and the engine brake system.

B. Structure and operating principle of a wheel loader

A wheel loader is a type of machinery designed to move and lift heavy materials such as dirt, sand, and stone. The structure of the vehicle includes a strong main frame, an engine system, a drivetrain system, and a lifting system.
The operating principle of a wheel loader is based on the combination of engine power and a hydraulic system. When the operator starts the engine, power is transmitted from the engine to the drivetrain, which then creates movement in the wheels. The drivetrain also plays a role in converting and adjusting the force to control the vehicle’s speed and direction of travel.
The lifting system of a wheel loader typically uses a hydraulic system to control the bucket. When the operator activates the hydraulic system, hydraulic fluid is pumped into the hydraulic cylinders, creating the necessary lifting force to raise and move materials.

C. Applications in the construction industry of a wheel loader

A wheel loader is an important and versatile tool in the construction industry, used for many different purposes.
In infrastructure construction, wheel loaders are often used to move and lift materials such as dirt, sand, and stone. With a powerful bucket and hydraulic lifting system, the vehicle can move large quantities of material quickly and efficiently.
Wheel loaders are also commonly used in the construction of public works such as highways, bridges, and airports. Its ability to move and lift materials makes construction and material handling easier, helping to save time and effort.
In addition, wheel loaders can also be used in other tasks such as site cleanup, earthmoving for land filling and surface leveling, or even in the construction and maintenance of industrial areas.

D. Risks associated with operating a wheel loader

Operating a wheel loader carries many notable risks, especially when safety rules are not followed and there is a lack of sufficient attention from the operator.
One of the biggest risks is the danger of the vehicle tipping over, especially when moving on uneven terrain or when the vehicle is overloaded. Failure to adjust speed and direction of travel appropriately can lead to a loss of control and tipping over, endangering the driver and those nearby.
In addition, collisions with obstacles such as utility poles, walls, or other vehicles are also a potential risk. When not paying attention to the surroundings, the driver can easily cause an accident and damage the vehicle.
Other risks include loss of control when moving on slippery terrain, errors during lifting operations, and also unexpected technical failures such as a breakdown of the braking or steering system.

III. Safety Inspection and Maintenance Before Operating a Wheel Loader

A. Safety inspection before operating a wheel loader

Before starting to operate a wheel loader, performing a safety check is an essential step that cannot be skipped. This helps ensure that the vehicle is in good working condition and is safe for both the operator and those around.
One of the crucial steps in a safety inspection is checking the braking system. Ensure that the braking system is working effectively and there are no signs of looseness or hydraulic fluid leaks. If any problems are found, they must be repaired immediately before operation.
Next, check the steering and control system to ensure they operate smoothly and accurately. Ensure that the steering wheel and control levers are not malfunctioning and show no signs of looseness or wear.
Checking the lifting system is also an important part of the safety inspection process. Ensure that the bucket and hydraulic system are operating correctly and there are no signs of fluid leaks or looseness.

B. Guide to periodic maintenance of a wheel loader

Change engine oil and oil filter: Change the engine oil periodically as specified in the manufacturer’s user manual. At the same time, the oil filter should also be replaced to ensure the cleanliness of the engine oil and protect the engine.
Check and change transmission fluid: The transmission fluid also needs to be checked and changed periodically to ensure smooth operation and prevent breakdowns.
Check the cooling system: Check and clean the cooling system to ensure the engine operates at a stable temperature and to prevent overheating.
Check and replace air and fuel filters: The air and fuel filters should be checked and replaced periodically to ensure the efficiency and cleanliness of the fuel system.
Check and inflate tires: Periodically check the pressure and wear level of the tires and inflate them when necessary to ensure safety during operation.
Check the brake and steering systems: Periodically check the brake and steering systems to ensure correct and safe operation.
Check the electrical system: Check the electrical system, including the battery and charging system, to ensure the stable operation of electronic devices and safety during operation.

IV. Safe Operating Procedure for a Wheel Loader

A. Step-by-step guide on the safe operating procedure for a wheel loader

Pre-start safety check: Before starting the vehicle, check the braking system, steering system, lifting system, and other safety equipment to ensure they are working correctly.
Adjust seat and mirrors: Ensure the driver’s seat is adjusted to suit the operator and the mirrors are adjusted for the best possible visibility.
Start and operate the vehicle: Start the engine and wait for the vehicle to operate stably before moving. Use the control levers to control the speed and direction of the vehicle.
Perform movements carefully: When moving the vehicle, always pay attention to the surroundings, maintain a safe distance from obstacles and other people, and comply with all signs and traffic rules.
Use the lifting system safely: When using the lifting system to lift and move loads, ensure the bucket is used correctly and safely, and do not exceed the vehicle’s rated load capacity.
Stop the vehicle safely: When finishing work or needing to stop the vehicle, ensure it is parked in a safe location, the parking brake is engaged, and the engine is turned off.
Perform a post-use inspection: After use, inspect the vehicle and its safety systems again to ensure no problems have arisen and the vehicle is ready for the next use.

B. Emergency handling measures and incident response mechanisms when operating a wheel loader

Stop and stay calm: In the event of an incident, the operator must stop immediately and remain calm to assess the situation.
Protect life and safety: Ensure that everyone in the incident area is moved out of the danger zone and that their life and safety are protected.
Report the incident and request help: Immediately after an incident occurs, the operator must promptly notify management and request necessary assistance.
Turn off the engine and disconnect power: If possible, the operator should turn off the engine and disconnect the vehicle’s power to prevent the risk of further incidents.
Perform rescue and temporary repair measures: If possible, the operator should perform rescue and temporary repair measures to minimize damage and restart operations.
Record information about the incident: After the incident is under control, the operator should record detailed information about the incident and the measures taken to repair and prevent similar incidents in the future.

V. Risk Assessment and Hazard Management When Operating a Wheel Loader

A. Identifying potential risks and hazards in operating a wheel loader

Risk of rollover: A wheel loader has a high risk of tipping over in situations such as moving on uneven terrain, being overloaded, or having an unbalanced load. Failure to follow safety rules and not properly considering the load weight can lead to the risk of a rollover.
Collisions and traffic accidents: Colliding with obstacles, other vehicles, or even pedestrians while moving is also a potential risk. Inattention or loss of control can cause serious accidents.
Loss of control when lifting loads: During the process of lifting and moving loads, there is a risk of losing control due to improper consideration or incorrect use of the lifting system, leading to a risk of accidents.
Loss of control in adverse weather conditions: In adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, or on slippery ground, the risk of losing control of the vehicle increases. Failure to adjust accordingly can cause accidents.
Sudden technical failures: Unexpected technical failures such as a breakdown of the braking system, steering system, or lifting system can occur suddenly and pose a risk of an accident.

B. Effective hazard prevention strategies when operating a wheel loader

1. Regular inspection and maintenance of the wheel loader for safe operation

Check the braking system: Ensure that the braking system is functioning correctly and effectively. Regularly check the thickness of the brake pads and replace them when necessary.
Check the steering system: Check and adjust the steering system to ensure stability and ease of control of the vehicle. Replace damaged or worn parts as needed.
Engine maintenance: Perform regular engine oil changes and check the cooling system to ensure the engine runs cool and efficiently.
Check the lifting system: Check and maintain the lifting system to ensure that the bucket operates safely and there is no risk of the vehicle tipping over when lifting a load.
Check the electrical system: Check the electrical system, including the battery and charging system, to ensure the stable operation of electronic devices and safety during operation.
Tire maintenance: Perform regular checks on tire pressure and wear levels and replace them when necessary to ensure safety when operating on all types of terrain.

2. Adherence to occupational safety regulations for the safe operation of a wheel loader

Training and instruction: Ensure that all wheel loader operators are fully trained and instructed on safety procedures and operating techniques.
Use of personal protective equipment: Require all operators to use full personal protective equipment such as helmets, safety glasses, gloves, and safety shoes to protect against the risk of accidents.
Adherence to operating rules and signs: Adhere to all operating rules and traffic signs to ensure the safety of oneself and others on the road.
Regular inspection and maintenance: Perform regular inspection and maintenance on the wheel loader to ensure it is always in a safe operating condition.
Report incidents and request help: Operators must immediately report any incidents and request assistance if needed to ensure the safety of everyone in the work area.
Do not operate under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or tobacco: Require all wheel loader operators to comply with regulations about not operating under the influence of stimulants such as alcohol, drugs, or tobacco.

3. Identifying and marking the safe zone when operating a wheel loader

Identify the safe zone: Identify the safe zones in and around the wheel loader, including both the travel area and the work area.
Use signs and markers: Use clear signs and markers to designate safe zones and warn the operator and other personnel of risks.
Guidance and training: Ensure that all personnel working around the wheel loader are guided and trained on the safe zone and necessary safety measures.
Maintain a safe distance: Require all personnel and the operator to maintain a safe distance from the wheel loader and the work area to avoid the risk of collisions and accidents.
Inspect and maintain signs: Perform periodic inspections and maintenance of signs and markers to ensure they are always clear and easily recognizable.

4. Use of personal protective equipment when operating a wheel loader

Helmet: A helmet is the most important piece of protective equipment to protect the operator’s head and brain from the risk of collision or falling objects.
Safety glasses: Safety glasses help protect the eyes from dust, sand, or other objects that could cause injury when operating a wheel loader.
Protective gloves: Use protective gloves to protect hands and fingers from injury when working with sharp surfaces or high temperatures.
Reflective vest: A reflective vest helps the operator to be more easily seen in low light conditions or in bad weather.
Safety shoes: Use sturdy safety shoes to protect feet and toes from the risk of impact or slipping when operating the vehicle.
Protective clothing: Protective clothing can help protect the body from sharp objects or hazardous substances during work.

5. Emergency procedures and response in case of an incident when operating a wheel loader

Stop and stay calm: In the event of an incident, the operator must stop immediately and remain calm to assess the situation.
Protect life and safety: Ensure that everyone in the incident area is moved out of the danger zone and that their life and safety are protected.
Report the incident: Immediately after an incident occurs, the operator must promptly report the situation to management and request necessary assistance.
Perform rescue measures: If possible, the operator should perform necessary rescue measures to minimize damage and ensure everyone’s safety.
Record information about the incident: After the incident is under control, the operator should record detailed information about the incident and the measures taken to repair and prevent similar incidents in the future.

6. Participate in occupational safety training courses when operating a wheel loader

Occupational safety and health training is not only a legal requirement but also a commitment to the safety and health of workers. It helps employees recognize and deal with risks and hazardous situations, thereby reducing accidents, injuries, or fatalities in their daily work.
The risk of accidents is always present and can occur at any time in the work environment due to the possibility of human error and the unpredictability of all situations. This emphasizes the need for occupational safety training and continuous vigilance.
When participating in occupational safety training at Nam Viet Safety Center, workers will be systematically trained from theory to real-life risk scenarios. Accordingly, there will be measures to identify and prevent occupational accident risks that may occur during work. After the training course, trainees will take occupational safety tests to obtain an occupational safety certificate. From there, workers will have a clear understanding of safety knowledge as well as a valid certification for employment.

VI. Factors Affecting Occupational Safety When Operating a Wheel Loader

A. How do weather conditions affect the operation of a wheel loader?

Rain and snow: Rain and snow can make the ground surface slippery, reducing tire grip and increasing the risk of losing control during operation. This is especially important in areas with steep and uneven terrain.
Extreme high or low temperatures: Extremely high temperatures can cause fatigue and loss of concentration for the operator, while extremely low temperatures can reduce the efficiency of the machinery systems and thicken oils and fluids.
Strong winds: Strong winds can reduce the stability of the vehicle and increase the risk of tipping over when moving on open terrain.
Fog or frost: Fog or frost can reduce visibility and increase the risk of collision with obstacles or other people on the worksite.
Low light: Low light in adverse weather conditions can reduce the operator’s visibility and increase the risk of accidents.

B. How does the working environment affect the operation of a wheel loader?

Terrain and ground surface: Difficult terrain such as rocky ground, slippery soil, or wet ground can reduce the stability of the vehicle and increase the risk of tipping over.
Hazardous environment: If working in an environment with a lot of smoke, dust, or toxic chemicals, the operator needs to use personal protective equipment to protect their health.
Confined space: Working in a confined space can reduce the operator’s control and visibility, increasing the risk of collision with surrounding objects.
Lighting and weather conditions: Poor lighting conditions or adverse weather can reduce visibility and increase the risk of accidents.
Temperature and humidity: High temperatures or high humidity can cause fatigue and affect the operator’s health, reducing their ability to concentrate and work performance.

C. How does the technical condition of the wheel loader affect its operation?

Tire condition: Tires need to be checked periodically to ensure they have sufficient grip and are not damaged. Tires with insufficient grip can reduce control and increase the risk of tipping over.
Brake and steering systems: The brake and steering systems must function correctly for the operator to control the vehicle safely. Any failure in these systems can pose a major hazard.
Engine and drivetrain: The engine and drivetrain must operate strongly and stably to ensure the best work performance. A failure in these systems can lead to reduced performance or a risk of serious breakdown.
Control and suspension systems: The control and suspension systems need to be properly maintained to ensure the vehicle can move smoothly and stably on all types of terrain.

D. How do the safety knowledge and skills of the worker affect the operation of a wheel loader?

Knowledge of safety procedures and regulations: Workers need to have knowledge of the safety procedures and regulations when operating a wheel loader, including the use of personal protective equipment and adherence to safety guidelines.
Driving and control skills: The operator’s precise driving and control skills directly affect the ability to control and safely operate the vehicle. Knowing how to control the vehicle in different conditions is a crucial factor.
Ability to assess situations and react flexibly: The operator needs to be able to assess situations quickly and react flexibly in the event of an incident to keep everyone and the vehicle in a safe state.
Knowledge of basic maintenance and repair: Knowledge of basic maintenance and repair is also important so that the operator can recognize and resolve basic technical issues that could affect the safety and performance of the vehicle.

VII. Occupational Safety Training on Skills for Safe Operation of a Wheel Loader

A. Why do wheel loader operators need to be trained in occupational safety?

Protecting life and health: Occupational safety training helps operators to recognize and assess potential risks during work and to learn how to prevent them. This helps protect their lives and health in a hazardous work environment.
Reducing the risk of accidents: Occupational safety training provides operators with the necessary knowledge and skills to use personal protective equipment and implement safety measures during work. This reduces the risk of accidents and injuries during vehicle operation.
Enhancing work performance: Operators trained in occupational safety are often able to recognize and resolve safety issues more quickly and effectively. This helps to enhance work performance and minimize downtime due to accidents or injuries.
Compliance with legal regulations: Occupational safety training helps operators to understand and comply with legal regulations related to occupational safety. This helps to avoid legal violations and potential legal consequences.

B. Where to get occupational safety training for operating a wheel loader?

An Toan Nam Viet is a reputable and high-quality center specializing in occupational safety training in Vietnam today. With occupational safety training sessions held continuously at production workshops, factories, or construction sites across the country (63 provinces in Vietnam).
To ensure the effectiveness of the training, An Toan Nam Viet prepares carefully and meticulously, down to the smallest detail. From preparing tools, equipment, teaching aids to curriculum, materials, sound, and lighting.
The occupational safety training instructors at An Toan Nam Viet are experts with many years of experience in the field. They even have research works identifying hazards in all industries and how to prevent them.
The instructor’s lectures are drawn from practical experience and are conveyed in the most vivid and easy-to-understand way to the workers. These factors help workers feel comfortable during the learning period and absorb the taught knowledge well. Of course, the knowledge conveyed always adheres to Decree 44/2016/ND-CP. From there, they grasp many measures to prevent hazards and how to protect themselves. At the same time, they also apply it most appropriately in their actual work.

VIII. The Significance of Occupational Safety in Operating a Wheel Loader

A. The importance of maintaining occupational safety in operating a wheel loader

Protecting the lives and health of workers: Occupational safety is the top priority to ensure the lives and health of employees. In a wheel loader operating environment, the risk of accidents and injuries can be very high, and applying safety measures is extremely important.
Minimizing risks and damage to property: Maintaining occupational safety not only protects workers but also minimizes risks and damage to property, including the wheel loader and other equipment.
Enhancing work performance: A safe working environment creates a more positive and confident work spirit for workers. This can lead to higher work performance and minimize time off due to accidents or injuries.
Compliance with legal regulations: Maintaining occupational safety is the best way to ensure compliance with legal regulations related to occupational safety. This helps to avoid potential legal consequences and protect the rights of both the company and the workers.

B. Important safety measures to know before operating a wheel loader

Inspect the vehicle before use: Before starting and using the vehicle, the operator should thoroughly inspect all parts of the vehicle such as tires, braking system, lights, and other components to ensure they are functioning normally and safely.
Use personal protective equipment: The operator should ensure they use full personal protective equipment such as a helmet, safety glasses, gloves, and waterproof shoes to protect themselves from the risk of accidents and injuries.
Adhere to speed and traffic rules: During operation, the operator must adhere to the local speed limits and traffic rules to maintain safety for themselves and other vehicles on the road.
Limit blind spots and adjust speed: Because wheel loaders often have limited visibility from the operator’s seat, they must always ensure they maintain a safe distance from other objects and adjust their speed to suit the road conditions and surrounding environment.
Training and practice: Finally, training and practice are key to mastering the skills and safety measures when operating a wheel loader.

Complete the occupational safety training course to be issued an occupational safety card by the safety training center to complete the required documentation for work.