Occupational Safety Training Materials for Working at Heights

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The documents for the occupational safety training course on working at height help workers equip themselves with safety knowledge and prevent hazards when working at height.

I. ANALYSIS OF CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS FROM FALLS FROM HEIGHT

According to statistics on occupational accidents collected over many years by the Department of Work Safety – Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs; the Ministry of Construction; and the Labour Protection Board – Vietnam General Confederation of Labour; accidents due to falls from height are the most common cases, accounting for the highest rate of fatal accidents (20%-30%) of all occupational accidents. When an accident involving a fall from height occurs, most cases result in the victim’s death or severe consequences for the injured person.

Based on the current situation, the issue is to conduct in-depth research and analysis of the causes of falls from height, and from there, propose appropriate and effective directions and measures to prevent falls from height and protect the lives of workers.

1. CASES OF FALLS FROM HEIGHT IN THE SAFETY DOCUMENT FOR WORKING AT HEIGHT

Cases of falls from height are very diverse. Through research and summarization, the following specific causes can be identified:

• Accidents from falls from height occur in all types of construction work at height, such as: masonry work; installation and dismantling of formwork; installation of steel columns; concrete compaction, assembly of building structures and equipment, transportation of materials to heights, roofing, and finishing works (plastering, painting, decorating, etc.).
• Falls from height most often occur when workers are working around the perimeter of the building or on structural parts protruding from the building (eaves, cantilevers, railings, corridors…). Falls from height occur when working on roofs, especially steep roofs, or roofs made of brittle, lightweight, and easily breakable materials (tile roofs, asbestos-cement roofs).
• Falls from height occur in various locations: When workers are commuting to the workplace (climbing on walls, on assembled structures, on scaffolding, on formwork frames, rebar to go up and down, walking on top of beams, walls, climbing through windows, …). Falls when working on ladders, falls when temporary work platforms collapse or break, falls when working in precarious, dangerous positions without wearing a safety harness, falls when working on floors, roofs, on scaffolding without safety railings.

• Falls from height occur not only on large construction sites with concentrated work and tall buildings but also on small, low-rise construction sites with dispersed work.
• Falls from different heights are distributed as follows:
  • Below 5m: 23.4%
  • From 5-10m: 25.8%
  • Above 10m: 51.6%

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2. MAIN CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS FROM FALLS FROM HEIGHT IN THE SAFETY DOCUMENT FOR WORKING AT HEIGHT

As mentioned above, cases of falls from height occur very frequently and are diverse. Each specific case may have multiple causes; however, through analysis and summarization, they can be grouped into the following main causes:

• Organizational causes: Account for 20%-30% of fall-from-height accidents, with the main causes being:
  • No work procedures or measures for working at height are in place when performing tasks at height.
  • Assigning workers who are not qualified to work at height, with inadequate health (assigning pregnant women, people with cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, hearing impairment, poor eyesight, diabetes, smoking addiction, etc.). Workers have not been trained in their profession and occupational safety, leading to violations of technical procedures, labor discipline, and safety regulations.
  • Walking on work platforms, tile roofs, or asbestos-cement roofs as mentioned in the safety document for working at height.
  • Lack of regular inspection and supervision to detect, prevent, and promptly rectify unsafe working practices at height.
  • Lack of personal protective equipment such as safety shoes, safety harnesses, lifelines, etc.
• Technical causes: Account for 50%-60% of fall-from-height accidents, with the main causes being:
  • Not using means for working at height such as: Ladders, various types of scaffolding (trestle scaffolds, high scaffolds, suspended scaffolds, hanging cradles, etc.) to create a safe place to work and move for workers during construction at height.
  • Using means for working at height that do not meet safety requirements, causing accidents due to individual or concurrent errors in: Design, manufacturing, erection, dismantling, use, maintenance, etc.
  • Lack of inspection, analysis, and technical assessment measures to early detect risks and hazards for timely handling.

• Causes due to design errors:
  • Incorrect determination of the diagram and calculated loads compared to actual working conditions. Structural details and connections of constituent parts are not suitable for the capabilities and conditions of fabrication.
• Errors in fabrication:
  • Poor quality materials used, with cracks, warping, rust, etc.; inaccurate fabrication according to design dimensions; weak connections at joints.
• Errors in erection and dismantling:
  • Incorrect dimensions of spacing as per design (between columns longitudinally, transversely, height between floors). Scaffolding columns placed on a slant, not vertically, causing eccentric vertical forces leading to overstress; insufficient and incorrect placement of scaffold anchors to the building structure; scaffolding placed on weak ground causing settlement; workers not wearing safety harnesses during scaffold erection; violation of erection and dismantling procedures.
• Violations during the use of scaffolding:
  • Overloading by stacking too much material or concentrating too many people on the work platform. Failure to regularly inspect the condition of the scaffolding to repair or replace damaged parts in a timely manner.
• In addition to the causes of scaffolding collapse leading to falls from height, the risk of falling from height when working on scaffolding is also due to the work platform lacking safety railings and ladders for access between floor levels on the scaffolding.

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II. DIRECTIONS FOR PREVENTING FALLS FROM HEIGHT IN THE SAFETY DOCUMENT FOR WORKING AT HEIGHT

To prevent and limit accidents from falls from height, depending on the nature and characteristics of the construction project, the situation, specific conditions, and capabilities of the construction site, various organizational and technological measures can be studied and applied. However, based on the analysis of the causes mentioned above, combined with practical experience from home and abroad, the following prevention directions are proposed for study and application:

1. First Direction: Limit and reduce work performed at height

To implement this direction, it is necessary to study changes in construction technology and organization measures for tasks that must be performed at height so that they can be carried out at a lower level. This is a proactive direction, preventing falls from height during construction processes (the fewer people working at height, the lower the probability of falls from height), and at the same time, labor productivity also increases significantly. Some specific measures can be mentioned:

• Improve the quality of production and fabrication of prefabricated components:
  • Ensure accurate dimensions of manufactured products to avoid chipping, chiseling, or shimming components at height during their installation into the designed position.
  • Process components completely on the ground before lifting and installing, such as removing burrs, treating concrete surfaces, removing rust, and pre-painting metal details and structures.
• Study the replacement of wet connections with dry connections in prefabricated buildings with precast reinforced concrete structures. This will avoid the stages of installing and dismantling formwork and pouring concrete for joints at height.
• Assemble formwork and reinforcement into components or semi-finished products, using a crane to lift and install them into the designed position. Thus, tasks such as welding, tying reinforcement, and assembling formwork can be done by workers on the ground, which is both convenient for operations and avoids the risk of falling from height.
• Research and apply automatic or semi-automatic locking structural suspension devices to release the structure from the crane hook. With this device, workers can stand on the ground, floor, or in a safe position to operate the release of the crane hook from the structure, avoiding climbing to heights and dangerous elements.
• Research and carry out “amplification” of the lifting structure, from small, individual components into large structures or blocks suitable for the crane’s lifting capacity. This will reduce the number of component lifts and, on the other hand, reduce the number of assembly joints at height.
• Organize construction logically so that workers only have to change their working positions at different heights as little as possible during a work shift. Utilize lifting equipment such as cranes, hoists, pulleys, winches, etc., to transport materials to heights. Minimize the manual transport of materials and components to heights (carrying, shouldering, etc.).

The above are some directions within the framework of preventing falls from height by limiting and reducing the work performed at height. This is a positive direction: “to avoid falling from height, workers should limit going to heights.”

However, this direction is only presented in a general, reference manner within a limited scope, drawing on experience from abroad or from advanced construction projects in the country that have applied it. To implement it, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research into specific organizational and construction technology measures depending on the practical conditions and capabilities of the construction unit in terms of level, technique, equipment, and materials.

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2. Second Direction: Implement safety measures to prevent falls from height

In cases where workers must perform construction at height, it is essential to implement safety measures. These measures must be established and implemented in conjunction with the construction methods.

• Define standards for people working at height (health, safety training).
• Implement specific fall prevention measures suitable for each type of work, scope, and location of work at height:
  • General safety measures when working at height.
  • Fall prevention measures when working on cranes.
  • Fall prevention measures when carrying out construction and installation work at height.

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III. SPECIFIC SAFETY MEASURES WHEN WORKING AT HEIGHT

According to article 1.14, TCVN 5308:1991 – Safety Technical Regulations in Construction, it is stipulated that “When working from a height of 2m or more, or at a lower height but with dangerous obstacles below the work area, workers must be equipped with a safety harness or a safety net if a work platform with a safety railing cannot be provided.” Therefore, the determination of what height constitutes working at height must be specified, depending on the specific construction conditions, which is the basis for developing accompanying construction methods and safe working measures:

1. Organizational Measures in the safety document for working at height

• Requirements for people working at height
  • Age, health:
    • Must be 18 years of age or older.
    • Must have a health certificate issued by a medical authority.
    • Must have a health check-up at least once every 06 months.
    • It is forbidden to assign pregnant women, women with children under 09 months old, people with heart disease, high blood pressure, hearing impairment, poor eyesight, or those who have consumed alcohol or smoked to work at height.

• • Must have a certificate of completion of a training course for working at height.
  • Must have an occupational safety card issued by the employer when working at height.
  • Must be fully equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment: protective clothing, safety shoes, safety helmet (for fall protection, head injury prevention, impact protection, protection against falling objects, electrical discharge protection, etc.), safety harness, etc.
  • Must strictly adhere to labor discipline and safety rules for working at height:
    • A safety harness must be used in designated areas.

• • • Movement and changing of work locations must be done in the designated places and routes; climbing on walls, beams, and other assembled structures is forbidden.
    • Playing, joking, and climbing over safety railings are forbidden.
    • Do not wear slippers or clogs when working at height.
    • Do not consume alcohol, beer, or smoke before and during work.
    • Workers at height must have a personal tool bag; throwing or tossing tools or any other objects from above or from below is forbidden.
    • During nighttime, heavy rain, thunderstorms, or strong winds from level 5 upwards (29-38 km/h), working on scaffolding, chimneys, water towers, towers, bridge piers or beams, and roofs of two-story buildings or higher is not permitted.

• Implement safety supervision and inspection when working at height.
  • Technical supervisors and occupational safety officers (full-time or part-time) are responsible for regularly supervising and inspecting the safety status of work at height to detect and prevent unsafe phenomena, behaviors, and risks in a timely manner.
  • Inspect the safety of the worker’s position.
  • Inspect the condition of scaffolding, safety railings, work platforms, etc.
  • Inspect, supervise, and urge the correct use of personal protective equipment.
  • Must guide and check the position and method of attaching the safety harness for workers.
  • If any damage is detected, work must be stopped, and repairs and remedies must be carried out immediately.
  • Regularly monitor and remind; if violations persist, immediate action must be taken, such as re-training and re-testing on occupational safety knowledge, disciplinary action, criticism, warning, or transfer to another job.

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2. Technical Measures in the safety document for working at height

• General requirements when working at height
  • Establish a safe work procedure, work permit, and construction permit. Safety plans and measures for working at height must be researched and proposed before construction; when preparing construction methods, accompanying safety plans must also be prepared.
  • For work at height, various types of scaffolding must be used to create a workplace for workers; the type of scaffolding should be chosen according to the type of work and height. Where scaffolding or work platforms cannot be used, or if the platform lacks railings, workers must be equipped with a safety harness.
  • All openings in building floors, work platforms, and skylights must be covered, protected by railings, and have appropriate warning signs.
  • Work platforms, walkways, transport routes at height, floor levels, and stairs of buildings under construction with people passing through must have temporary railings.
  • Work should be arranged reasonably so that workers do not have to move back and forth or change their work position many times in one shift.
  • To ensure the safety of workers moving up and down between floors of the building, as well as on scaffolding, there must be stairs (when constructing a floor, the stairs for that floor must also be constructed for workers to access the upper floor), or a sturdy temporary ladder must be installed. Workers are forbidden to climb up and down the floor levels.
  • Safety harnesses, as well as any extension ropes, must be tested for durability with a load of 300 kg for 5 minutes before first use; only if they are safe should they be issued to workers. Every 06 months, if the quality of the safety harness is in doubt, it must be re-tested with the aforementioned load.
  • The surface of the work platform must not be slippery; if the work platform is metal, it must have a non-slip textured surface. At night, the workplace and walkways must be adequately illuminated. It is strictly forbidden to erect a work platform on temporary supports (drums, stacks of bricks, etc.) or to rest it on unstable parts of the structure.

• Requirements for equipment for working at height
  • Ladders, Scaffolding
    • The manufacturing, installation, use, and maintenance of scaffolding must comply with TCXDVN 296:2004 – Scaffolding – Safety Requirements according to Decision No. 01/2004/QD-BXD dated February 11, 2004, of the Ministry of Construction.
    • Some types of scaffolding used in practice:
    • Safety requirements:
      • In construction and installation work, various types of scaffolding and supports must be made according to a design and calculation notes that have been approved by a competent authority. When erecting, using, and dismantling scaffolding and supports, it is essential to strictly follow the regulations and technical requirements of the design (including instructions, regulations, and technical requirements recorded in or accompanying the passport of the specialized scaffolding manufacturer). It is not allowed to erect or use any type of scaffolding or support that does not meet the above conditions.
      • When erecting and dismantling scaffolding and supports on rivers and water bodies, workers must be equipped with rescue equipment.
      • It is forbidden to use scaffolding, supports, cradles, or ladders for purposes other than their intended function.
      • It is forbidden to use scaffolding, supports, or cradles that are assembled from different types or forms, or to use multiple types without a separate design.
      • It is forbidden to use scaffolding, supports, or cradles when:
        • They do not meet the technical requirements and labor safety conditions stated in their design or passport; especially when they lack sufficient anchors, guylines, or are anchored to unstable structural parts such as railings, eaves, balconies, etc., as well as to locations not calculated to withstand the anchoring force.
        • They have deformations, cracks, rust, or are missing parts.
        • The gap between the work platform and the wall or structure is greater than 0.05m during construction and greater than 0.20m during finishing.
        • The distance from the edge of the working limit of the scaffold, support, or cradle to the adjacent edge of the transport vehicle is less than 0.60m.
        • The scaffold columns and support frames are placed on an unstable foundation (weak ground, poor drainage, settlement exceeding the design limit; the padding under the column base or frame is made of unstable, non-durable materials such as bricks, stones, wedges, construction waste…) with a risk of slipping, collapsing, or being placed on parts or structures of a building that have not been adequately considered and calculated to ensure stable load-bearing for that part/structure and for the scaffold column/support frame.

• • • • It is forbidden to stack loads on scaffolding, supports, or in places other than those specified (where there is a sign indicating the permissible load above) or to exceed the load capacity according to its design or passport. It is forbidden to stack any type of load on the rungs of scaffolding or work platforms.
      • When the scaffold is higher than 6m, at least two work platforms must be provided. The upper one for working, the lower one for protection. When working simultaneously on two platforms, there must be a protective deck or net between them.
      • It is forbidden to work simultaneously on two platforms in the same bay without ensuring safety measures.
      • When the scaffold is higher than 12m, stairs must be provided, occupying an entire scaffold bay.
      • The slope of the stairs must not be greater than 60⁰ in the safety document for working at height.
      • When the scaffold is not higher than 12m, a leaning ladder or rope ladder can be used.
      • Openings in the work platform for access must be protected by railings on three sides.
      • The width of the work platform of scaffolding and supports must not be less than 1m. When transporting materials on the work platform by wheelbarrow, the width of the platform must not be less than 1.5m. The path for the wheels must be planked. The ends of the planks must be tight and secured to the work platform.
      • Planks used for the work platform must have a thickness of at least 3cm and be free from rot, decay, or cracks. The planks must be laid tightly and evenly; the gap between them must not be greater than 1cm. When using individual planks laid longitudinally, the planks must be long enough to rest directly on two transoms, with each end of the plank extending at least 20cm beyond the transom and being tied or nailed securely to it. When using composite planks, they must be cleated underneath to prevent them from slipping.
      • When a work platform is required, it must have a protective railing. The railing must be 1m high and have at least 2 horizontal bars capable of preventing people from falling.
      • Passageways underneath scaffolding and supports must have overhead protection.
      • Scaffolding and supports near excavations, roads, or within the operating range of cranes must have measures to prevent the excavation walls from collapsing or transport vehicles and access bridges from colliding and knocking over the scaffolding or supports.
      • When erecting, using, or dismantling scaffolding, supports, or cradles near power lines (less than 5m, including low-voltage lines), strict measures must be taken to ensure electrical safety for workers. These measures must be agreed upon and signed in writing with the relevant electricity management agency (e.g., disconnecting power during erection, using wooden boxes, protective nets, etc.).
      • On scaffolding, supports, and cradles where lighting or other electrical equipment is installed and used, electrical safety regulations must be strictly followed.
      • Scaffolding and supports up to 4m high may only be put into use after being inspected and approved by the team leader and recorded in the construction log. For heights over 4m, they may be used only after being inspected and approved by a technical committee appointed by the construction unit’s leadership, with an inspection report being drawn up and included in the unit’s technical construction file. A representative from the occupational safety department or an officer in charge of safety must be part of the committee.
      • The content of the inspection is based on the technical requirements of the design or passport of the scaffolding/support and the regulations in this section. Particular attention should be paid to checking the stability of the foundation, joints, connections, work platforms, and safety measures for working at height and using electricity.
      • Every day before work, the technical officer in charge of construction or the team leader must check the condition of all structural parts of the scaffolding and supports. Only after the check is completed (and recorded in the construction log) are workers allowed to work. During work, if any worker discovers a damaged condition of the scaffolding or support that could be dangerous, they must stop working and report it to the technical officer in charge or the team leader for repair and reinforcement. After the repairs are completed, a report must be made.
      • After a long period of inactivity on the scaffolding or support (over one month), if work is to be resumed, a re-inspection must be conducted and an inspection report drawn up.
      • Dismantling of scaffolding and supports must be carried out in a logical sequence and according to the instructions in the design or passport.
      • The dismantling area must have barriers and signs prohibiting the passage of people and vehicles.
      • It is forbidden to dismantle scaffolding by pulling it down.
      • Do not erect, dismantle, or work on scaffolding or supports during heavy rain, thunderstorms, or winds of level 5 or higher.
      • After the rain stops, if work is to be resumed, the scaffolding and supports must be re-inspected, and measures must be taken to prevent slipping and falling.

• • Bamboo scaffolding, wooden scaffolding
    • Bamboo used for scaffolding must be mature, not rotten, decayed, or cracked.
    • Wood used for scaffolding must be of good quality from group 5 or higher, not rotten, decayed, or cracked.
    • Wooden scaffolding higher than 4m or bearing heavy loads must use bolt connections. Bamboo scaffolding must be tied with durable, long-lasting rope.
    • The use of nails to connect bamboo scaffolding is forbidden.
    • The bases of bamboo scaffold poles must be buried 0.5m deep and firmly compacted.
    • After erecting bamboo or wooden scaffolding, it must be inspected for:
    • The anchoring capacity of the connections;
    • The quality of the materials;
    • The structural components (railings, stairs, planks, etc.)
    • When dismantling, do not cut the ties but untie them, and lower each pole gradually to the ground.
  • Steel scaffolding
    • Steel tubes used for scaffolding and steel couplers must not be bent, flattened, dented, cracked, punctured, or have other defects.
    • The bases of the scaffold columns must be inserted into base plates and placed on stable, firm supports.
    • As the scaffolding is erected, it must be firmly anchored to the structure. The position of the anchors must be according to the design. When the anchor position coincides with a wall opening, an internal bracing system must be used for anchoring; steel couplers must be securely tightened to prevent the transom from slipping on the standard.
    • When erecting or dismantling steel scaffolding near power lines (less than 5m), a safe clearance must be maintained. When erecting steel scaffolding higher than 4m, a lightning protection system must be installed according to the design instructions, unless the scaffolding is erected within the protected zone of an existing lightning protection system.
  • Suspended scaffolding, hanging cradles.
    • The cross-section of the suspension ropes must be as specified in the design and must ensure a safety factor of not less than 6.
    • Suspended scaffolding must use round steel suspension rods or wire ropes. Hanging cradles must use flexible wire rope suspension cables.
    • Suspended scaffolding and hanging cradles must be erected at a minimum distance of 10cm from any protrusions of the structure.
    • The cantilever must be fixed to a solid structural part of the building. It must not rest on eaves or parapets.
    • Suspended scaffolding must be securely tied to the structure to prevent swinging.
    • Workers must use a rope ladder firmly fixed to the cantilever or pass through wall openings to access the suspended scaffolding.
    • Before using suspended scaffolding, it must be re-tested with a static load 25% greater than the calculated load.
    • For hanging cradles, in addition to the static load test mentioned above, they must also be tested with the following types of loads:
      • A dynamic load of the hanging cradle when raising and lowering, with a value 10% greater than the calculated load.
      • A suspension and hook load with a value twice the calculated load, and the test suspension time on the rope must be at least 15 minutes.
      • After completing the tests with the above loads, a test report must be issued.
      • When raising and lowering the hanging cradle, a winch with an automatic brake must be used. Free-falling is forbidden. When stopping work, the hanging cradle must be lowered.
  • Mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs)
    • The travel path of the MEWP must be level both longitudinally and transversely.
    • Once the MEWP is in position, the wheels must be chocked, and the stabilizing jacks must be fixed. The MEWP must have a lightning protection system as specified in the design.
    • The MEWP must be moved gently without jerking. Do not move the MEWP when there are winds of level 5 or higher, or when there are people or materials on the work platform.
  • Cantilever brackets.
    • The frames of the brackets must be placed on a level and stable surface. Before the floor structure is completed, temporary planks must be placed on supports to place the bracket frames; do not place the bracket frames directly on the floor beams.
    • The brackets can only be stacked two frames high. If a three-frame stack is desired, the load on the work platform must be limited, or reinforcement measures must be taken. In both cases, the load-bearing capacity of the bracket must be re-calculated and checked.
    • The upper-level frames must be anchored to solid structural parts of the building.
    • Workers must use a leaning ladder to access the work platform of the bracket. It is forbidden to hold onto the frame to climb onto the platform.
    • The cantilever must be securely anchored to the structural parts of the building.
    • When transferring materials to the work platform, a material hoist or other lifting equipment must be used. Do not anchor lifting equipment to the cantilever. Workers must access the work platform of the cantilever bracket from inside the building through wall openings.
  • Ladders.
    • Ladders must be placed on a level, stable surface and securely braced.
    • It is forbidden to lean a ladder at an angle greater than 60⁰ or less than 45⁰ to the horizontal plane.
    • If a ladder must be placed contrary to this regulation, someone must hold the ladder, and the base must be securely braced.
    • When extending a ladder, it must be securely tied, and the top of the ladder must be anchored to the structure.
    • Before working on a stepladder, a guy rope must be used to prevent the ladder from spreading.
    • Before using a ladder, its general safety condition must be checked. For a new ladder or one that has not been used for a long time, it must be re-tested with a load of 120 daN (120 kg) before use.
    • Before allowing a person to climb a ladder, the ladder bracing and its resting position must be re-checked.
    • Do not hang heavy loads exceeding the permissible limit on a ladder while someone is working on it.
    • Do not use a stepladder as scaffolding or a support.
    • For leaning ladders:
      • The ladder stiles must have a holding device, such as a metal hook top, rubber feet, and other braking devices, depending on the condition and material of the surface; the top of the ladder should be fastened to a solid structure (scaffolding, beams, parts of the building frame…).
      • The total length of a leaning ladder should not exceed 5m. When extending the ladder, it must be securely tied. A stepladder must be equipped with a rigid or flexible spreader to prevent the ladder from suddenly spreading. A metal ladder over 5m high, erected vertically or inclined at an angle greater than 75⁰ to the horizontal, must have a protective cage in the form of an arc, starting from a height of 3m upwards. The arcs must be spaced no more than 80cm apart and connected by at least 3 vertical bars. The distance from the ladder to the arc must not be less than 70cm and not more than 80cm. For a ladder over 10m high, a resting platform must be provided every 6-10m. If the angle of inclination of the ladder is less than 75⁰, the ladder needs handrails and steps made of steel plate with non-slip ridges.

• Use of mechanized lifting equipment for work at height
  • Some specialized equipment in the safety document for working at height
  • Minimum safety requirements.
    • When using specialized mechanical equipment or modifying other lifting equipment (cranes, forklifts, tower cranes, gantry cranes, etc.) to lift people for work at height, calculations and designs must be made, and the calculation and design documents must be reviewed and licensed by a competent authority. Load-carrying devices such as: man baskets, personnel lifting platforms must be designed and calculated for load-bearing capacity, safety structure, and load capacity, and must be reviewed and licensed separately for each device.
    • When using specialized equipment for work at height, the construction plan must be approved, a work permit must be issued, and technical and safety officers must be assigned to supervise the work process.
    • Specialized equipment must be inspected and registered for use with competent authorities in accordance with current legal regulations.
    • Provide adequate personal protective equipment for people working at height, especially safety harnesses; technical officers must instruct workers on the attachment points for the safety harness.
    • Isolate the construction area. Have an emergency rescue plan for people working at height.
    • Workers operating mechanical equipment for construction must have appropriate professional qualifications and be trained in occupational safety techniques.
    • There must be a signal person for the equipment operator, and signals must be strictly agreed upon.
    • Mechanical equipment for lifting people must not be moved while people are working in the personnel carrying device (man basket, lifting platform). Workers must be brought down before moving.

    – When working, the ground where the mechanical equipment is placed must be firm and stable, paying attention to the possibility of subsidence or collapse. The outriggers must be securely chocked and braced to ensure the highest level of balance for the equipment.
    – Mechanical equipment used for construction must maintain a safe distance from low and high voltage power lines for people working at height.
    – It is strictly forbidden to lift a load exceeding the permissible load of the equipment.

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IV. FURTHER REFERENCES

1. Safety training and certification services for group 3

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2. Occupational safety test for group 3

• Multiple choice test for occupational safety group 3

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3. Price list for occupational safety training services

• View details

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4. Download document

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