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The Occupational Safety in Logistics document provides important knowledge about safety rules and measures in the logistics field. This document helps employees and managers understand potential risks, thereby applying effective preventive measures. By raising awareness of occupational safety, this document contributes to protecting the health and safety of workers, while also improving the operational efficiency of the business.

Table of Contents

PART I: CURRENT STATE OF SAFETY IN THE LOGISTICS INDUSTRY

I. General Situation

The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs informs sectors and localities of the occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 and outlines key solutions to proactively prevent incidents and accidents in the last 6 months of 2024. According to reports from 61 out of 63 centrally governed provinces and cities, in the first 6 months of 2024, there were a total of 3,201 occupational accidents nationwide (a decrease of 227 cases, equivalent to 7.09% compared to the same period in 2023), resulting in 3,065 victims (a decrease of 197 people, equivalent to 6.04% compared to the first 6 months of 2023), including both employees under labor contracts and those working without labor contracts. Specifically:

Number of fatal occupational accidents: 320 cases, a decrease of 25 cases (7.25%) compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 245 cases in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 28 cases or 10.3%; and 75 cases in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 3 cases or 4.2% compared to the first 6 months of 2023);
Number of deaths due to occupational accidents: 346 people, a decrease of 7 people or 1.98% compared to the same period in 2023 (including 268 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 13 people or 4.63%; and 78 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 6 people or 8.33%).
Number of people seriously injured: 810 people, an increase of 26 people or 3.32% compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 710 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 5 people or 0.7%; and 100 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 31 people or 44.92%).

Download the PDF file Occupational Accident Report – First 6 Months of 2024 issued by the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs.

The occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 in both sectors with and without labor relations saw a decrease in the number of deaths and fatal accidents compared to the same period in 2023.

II. Some Occupational Accidents while working in the Logistics Industry

The logistics industry, a key sector of the modern economy, not only demands precision and efficiency but also requires a high level of safety in the workplace. However, due to the nature of the work involving transportation, loading and unloading, and the use of heavy equipment, the risk of occupational accidents in this industry is always present. Below are some typical occupational accidents that have occurred in the logistics industry, illustrating the risks and serious consequences that workers may face.

1. Forklift Accidents

Forklifts are indispensable equipment in warehouses and distribution centers. However, improper use of forklifts or failure to comply with safety procedures can lead to serious accidents. A typical example is an accident that occurred at a large warehouse in the United States in 2019. While operating a forklift, a worker did not observe carefully and collided with a colleague who was walking, causing serious injuries to the victim. The post-accident investigation revealed shortcomings in the safety training for the forklift operator and a lack of clear demarcation between the movement areas for vehicles and pedestrians.

2. Storage Rack Collapse

Storage racks are important structures in warehouses, helping to optimize space and organize goods. However, improper stacking of goods or the use of poor-quality racks can lead to rack collapse accidents. In 2021, at a warehouse in Europe, a rack containing heavy goods collapsed, injuring at least 4 people. The cause was determined to be that the goods were overloaded beyond the rack’s load-bearing capacity, coupled with infrequent inspection and maintenance of the racks.

3. Chemical Accidents

The logistics industry not only transports general goods but also hazardous chemicals. Chemical accidents often have very serious consequences for the health of workers. In 2020, a serious accident occurred at a major port in Asia when a chemical container leaked during transport. This incident caused poisoning in 7 workers and polluted the surrounding environment. The cause of the incident was a lack of safety measures during the handling and storage of chemicals.

4. Traffic Accidents during Goods Transportation

The logistics industry is also closely linked to the transportation of goods by road, sea, and air. Traffic accidents during transportation are a major risk, especially on roadways. A serious traffic accident occurred in 2018 on a highway in South America when a truck carrying goods overturned after the driver lost control. This accident not only caused damage to the goods but also resulted in 3 fatalities. The main cause was that the driver had worked beyond the regulated hours, leading to fatigue and loss of concentration.

5. Falls from Height

In warehouses, working on high racks or using ladders and scaffolding is a regular occurrence. Falling from a height is one of the most common and dangerous occupational accidents. In 2017, at a large distribution center in North America, a worker fell from a height of 5 meters while repairing the lighting system on the warehouse ceiling. This accident resulted in a serious spinal injury to the victim. The cause was a lack of safety protection measures when working at height.

The occupational accidents mentioned above are just a small fraction of the many incidents that have occurred in the logistics industry. They emphasize the importance of adhering to occupational safety procedures and raising safety awareness for all employees. Investing in training, protective equipment, and regular inspection and maintenance of equipment and infrastructure are necessary measures to minimize risks and protect workers in the logistics industry.

PART II: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH WHEN WORKING IN THE LOGISTICS INDUSTRY

I. Occupational Safety and Health for Warehouse Managers

1. Characteristics of Warehouse Management Work

The job of a Warehouse Manager requires meticulous attention and high organizational skills to oversee the daily operations of the warehouse. They are responsible for managing the staff, ensuring that each member clearly understands their duties and performs their work effectively. At the same time, the warehouse manager must also ensure a safe working environment, complying with occupational safety regulations and rules to protect the health of everyone.

The warehouse manager must also accurately track and control inventory. This includes checking the quantity and quality of goods and maintaining accurate records of items in the warehouse. They need to use modern warehouse management software to monitor the status of goods and predict future demand, thereby ensuring the warehouse always has the necessary goods without causing excess inventory.

In addition, the warehouse manager must ensure that the storage and transportation of goods are carried out safely and efficiently. They must establish and maintain standard work procedures to optimize warehouse space and ensure goods are well-preserved. When goods are transported, the warehouse manager needs to ensure they are properly packaged and shipped to avoid damage and loss, while also optimizing transportation costs for the business.

2. Types of Occupational Accidents in Warehouse Management

The types of occupational accidents in warehouse management are diverse and can occur at any time during the workday. One common accident is falling due to slippery floors or obstacles that are not cleared in time. These accidents can cause serious injuries to employees and affect warehouse operations.

In addition, the improper use of machinery and equipment is also a cause of many occupational accidents. The warehouse manager needs to ensure that all employees are fully trained on how to safely use equipment such as forklifts, conveyors, and barcode scanners. Failure to comply with safety rules can lead to serious injuries or even death.

Finally, accidents due to falling goods are a constant danger in a warehouse. The warehouse manager must ensure that goods are properly arranged and not stacked too high. They also need to periodically inspect the racks and storage equipment to ensure they are still in good condition. By paying attention to these details, the warehouse manager can minimize the risk of accidents and ensure a safe working environment for all employees.

3. Causes of Occupational Accidents in Warehouse Management

The causes of occupational accidents in warehouse management can stem from various factors. One of the main causes is a lack of training and awareness of occupational safety among employees. When employees are not equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills, they are prone to making mistakes while performing their work, leading to unwanted accidents. Therefore, continuous and regular training is very important to raise the safety awareness of everyone in the warehouse.

In addition, the improper use of equipment is also a common cause. Equipment such as forklifts, conveyors, and storage systems can cause serious accidents if not used according to instructions. The warehouse manager needs to ensure that all equipment is regularly maintained and that employees are clearly instructed on how to use it safely. A lack of care and non-compliance with safety rules can lead to serious consequences.

4. Measures to Prevent Occupational Accidents in Warehouse Management

Measures to prevent occupational accidents in warehouse management include many important factors to ensure a safe working environment. First and foremost, occupational safety training for all employees is a key factor. The warehouse manager needs to organize regular occupational safety training courses to help employees master the necessary safety rules and measures when working. A deep understanding of occupational safety will help minimize risks and enhance employee awareness.

In addition, regular inspection and maintenance of equipment in the warehouse also play an important role. Equipment such as forklifts, conveyors, and storage systems need to be regularly maintained to ensure they operate stably and safely. The warehouse manager must always focus on timely maintenance and repair, and also train employees on how to properly use this equipment. This will help reduce the risk of accidents due to equipment failure or improper use.

5. Occupational Safety Regulations for Warehouse Management

Occupational safety regulations for warehouse management are an indispensable part of ensuring efficient operations and protecting employee health. First, regulations on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) must be strictly followed. Employees must be fully equipped with helmets, gloves, reflective vests, and safety shoes when working in the warehouse. Compliance with these regulations helps reduce the risk of injury and protects employees from potential accidents.

In addition, regulations on inventory control also need to be emphasized. The warehouse manager must ensure that goods are neatly arranged, not stacked too high, and that there are always clear aisles. Goods should be stored according to standards, away from flammable areas and electrical equipment. The warehouse manager must also conduct regular inspections to detect and promptly address potential hazards in the warehouse.

6. Handling Emergency Occupational Accidents in Warehouse Management

Handling emergency occupational accidents in warehouse management requires quick thinking and situation management skills. First, the warehouse manager must immediately ensure the safety of all employees by moving them away from the hazardous area. This helps prevent further injuries and ensures that the work environment is not threatened by potential hazards.

Next, the warehouse manager should immediately call emergency services, such as an ambulance or fire department, if the situation requires it. While waiting for assistance, they should perform initial first aid measures if an employee is injured, such as stopping bleeding or providing artificial respiration. Prior training of employees in basic first aid skills is very important so that everyone can assist in these emergency situations.

II. Occupational Safety and Health for Transportation Coordinators

1. Characteristics of Transportation Coordination Work

The characteristics of a Transportation Coordinator’s job focus on planning and coordinating the transportation of goods from the warehouse to customers or other distribution points. This job requires meticulousness and high organizational skills to ensure every shipment is transported on time and to the right location. The transportation coordinator must work closely with various departments, from the warehouse and drivers to customers, to optimize routes and delivery times.

In the course of their work, transportation coordinators must handle many variable factors such as weather, traffic conditions, and technical issues that may arise. They need to be able to react quickly and provide timely solutions to minimize risks and ensure transportation efficiency. In addition, continuously monitoring and updating transportation information is also an important part of the job, helping to ensure customers are always informed about the status of their goods.

In addition, transportation coordinators need excellent communication skills to resolve issues that arise and maintain good relationships with customers and transportation partners. They also need to be proficient in using transportation management software to track routes, costs, and delivery performance. With their important role in the supply chain, transportation coordinators not only ensure goods are transported safely but also contribute to improving the operational efficiency of the entire distribution system.

2. Types of Occupational Accidents in Transportation Coordination

The types of occupational accidents in transportation coordination can arise from various factors, affecting both the coordinating staff and those involved in the transportation process. One of the common types of accidents is traffic accidents that occur during the transportation of goods. These accidents can be caused by driver fatigue, bad weather conditions, or vehicle technical failures. The transportation coordinator must continuously monitor and maintain contact with the driver to ensure safety on the road.

In addition, issues related to loading and unloading of goods can also cause occupational accidents. Improper lifting, lowering, or arranging of goods can lead to injuries for warehouse staff or drivers. The transportation coordinator needs to ensure that all parties involved are trained in occupational safety and adhere to safety regulations when handling goods. The use of assistive equipment such as forklifts and safety straps is also an effective way to minimize this risk.

3. Causes of Occupational Accidents in Transportation Coordination

The causes of occupational accidents in transportation coordination can come from various factors in the work process. A common cause is a lack of planning and organization in transportation. When transportation routes are not carefully calculated, the improper allocation of resources such as vehicles and personnel can lead to dangerous situations. The coordinator needs to ensure that every plan is well-prepared, based on updated information and the actual capabilities of the team.

In addition, human factors also play an important role in the cause of occupational accidents. Fatigue and work pressure can reduce the concentration of both coordinating staff and drivers. A lack of training or non-compliance with safety procedures is also a major cause of accidents. Therefore, the coordinator needs to ensure all relevant staff are fully trained in occupational safety and have adequate rest time to maintain their best mental and physical health.

In addition, technical failures of transportation vehicles are also a significant cause. The lack of regular maintenance and quality checks of vehicles can lead to sudden breakdowns and cause serious accidents. The transportation coordinator needs to implement regular maintenance procedures and thorough checks before each trip to ensure absolute safety. The combination of human and technical factors is the key to minimizing the risk of occupational accidents in transportation coordination.

4. Measures to Prevent Occupational Accidents in Transportation Coordination

Measures to prevent occupational accidents in transportation coordination are an important part of ensuring the safety of all parties involved. First, employee training on occupational safety is an indispensable factor. The coordinator needs to organize regular training courses to help employees master the rules and safety measures in the work process. This knowledge not only helps to minimize risks but also raises awareness of occupational safety in the transportation environment.

In addition, implementing monitoring of the work environment is an effective measure to detect potential risks early. Monitoring the work environment helps to track and evaluate factors that can affect the health and safety of employees, such as air quality, noise, and other physical factors. Through this monitoring, the coordinator can implement timely improvement measures, ensuring the work environment is always safe and healthy.

5. Occupational Safety Regulations for Transportation Coordination

Occupational safety regulations for transportation coordination are an important foundation for ensuring the safety of both employees and goods throughout the transportation process. First, the regulations require all employees involved in the transportation process to be thoroughly trained in occupational safety. The coordinator needs to ensure that employees clearly understand the safety rules and procedures, as well as accident prevention measures. This training not only helps to reduce the risk of accidents but also improves work efficiency.

In addition, regular inspection and maintenance of transportation vehicles are an important part of occupational safety regulations. All vehicles must be thoroughly inspected before each trip to ensure they are operating stably and safely. The coordinator must establish regular maintenance procedures and ensure all equipment is properly maintained. Attention to this detail helps prevent technical incidents that can lead to serious accidents.

6. Handling Emergency Occupational Accidents in Transportation Coordination

Handling emergency occupational accidents in transportation coordination requires quick thinking and situation management skills. First, when an accident occurs, the coordinator should immediately ensure the safety of all involved by moving them away from the hazardous area. At the same time, the coordinator must report the incident to emergency services such as fire or medical to ensure timely and professional assistance.

While waiting for assistance from emergency services, the coordinator should take necessary first aid measures if someone is injured. This includes stopping bleeding, providing respiratory support, or stabilizing injuries to prevent the situation from worsening. To be effective in first aid, coordinators and staff should be trained in basic first aid skills, helping them to respond quickly and effectively in emergency situations.

Finally, after the emergency situation has been controlled, the coordinator needs to conduct a detailed investigation to determine the cause of the accident. Creating a detailed report of the incident, including all relevant information, is very important to understand the cause and implement preventive measures in the future. At the same time, the coordinator should review existing safety procedures and improve them if necessary, to ensure that similar incidents do not occur. This helps to create a safer work environment and improve the operational efficiency of the entire transportation system.

III. Occupational Safety and Health for Freight Forwarders

1. Characteristics of Freight Forwarding Work

The characteristics of a Freight Forwarder’s job is to act as an important intermediary between exporters and importers, ensuring that international freight transportation runs smoothly and efficiently. This job requires excellent organizational skills and a deep understanding of transportation processes, customs regulations, and import-export procedures. The freight forwarder must ensure that all documents and paperwork related to the transportation of goods are prepared fully and accurately, thereby helping the customs clearance process to proceed smoothly.

In addition, the freight forwarder needs to be able to manage and coordinate many different modes of transport, including sea, air, and road. They must choose the optimal transportation routes, based on the requirements of time, cost, and the nature of the goods. This includes working with shipping lines, airlines, and transport companies to arrange schedules, book space, and track shipments throughout the transportation process, ensuring that the goods arrive safely and on time.

Finally, communication and customer service skills are indispensable for a freight forwarder. They must maintain good relationships with customers, resolve issues that arise quickly and effectively, and provide updated information on the status of the shipment. Flexibility and the ability to solve problems quickly help them to meet the special requirements of customers and overcome challenges in the field of international freight forwarding. Thanks to these skills and responsibilities, freight forwarders make an important contribution to the success of international trade transactions.

2. Types of Occupational Accidents in Freight Forwarding

The types of occupational accidents in the freight forwarding process can arise from various factors. One of the common accidents is injury from handling and moving goods. Freight forwarders often have to work with large and heavy packages, which can lead to problems with muscles, joints, and the spine if proper lifting procedures and assistive equipment are not used.

In addition, accidents related to transportation vehicles are also a major risk. Coordinating sea, air, and road transport requires close coordination with drivers, pilots, and crew. Traffic accidents, collisions, or technical failures can occur during transportation, causing damage to goods and danger to the relevant personnel. This requires the freight forwarder to have a contingency plan and the ability to respond quickly to emergency situations.

3. Causes of Occupational Accidents in Freight Forwarding

The causes of occupational accidents in freight forwarding often come from various factors. First of all, a lack of knowledge and skills in occupational safety is a primary cause. Freight forwarders often have to handle and transport large and heavy packages, and if they are not properly trained, they are prone to making mistakes in the work process. This can lead to injuries to muscles, joints, or the spine, seriously affecting health and work performance.

In addition, technical failures and unsafe equipment also contribute to accidents. Transportation vehicles such as trucks, ships, and airplanes can all have problems if not properly maintained. Technical failures such as brake failure, engine failure, or system errors can lead to serious traffic accidents, causing damage to goods and threatening the lives of personnel. Therefore, regular maintenance and inspection of equipment and vehicles are extremely important.

4. Measures to Prevent Occupational Accidents in Freight Forwarding

Measures to prevent occupational accidents in freight forwarding are essential to ensure the safety of employees and goods. First of all, occupational safety training for employees is a top priority. Employees need to be equipped with knowledge of safe goods handling procedures, how to use assistive equipment such as forklifts and safety straps, as well as basic first aid skills. Regular and updated training will help to raise the awareness and skills of employees, reducing the risk of accidents in the work process.

Second, regular inspection and maintenance of transportation vehicles and equipment are very important. Trucks, ships, airplanes, and assistive equipment need to be maintained on schedule to ensure they are always operating stably and safely. This includes checking the brake system, engine, and other important parts to detect and promptly address potential technical problems. Ensuring that equipment and vehicles are always in the best condition will help prevent accidents due to technical failures.

5. Occupational Safety Regulations for Freight Forwarding

Taking tests at occupational safety centers aims to obtain an occupational safety certificate. From there, the worker will have a clear understanding of safety knowledge as well as valid certification for work. Occupational safety regulations for freight forwarding are an important part of ensuring the safety of employees and goods throughout the transportation process.

First, all employees involved in the forwarding process must strictly adhere to occupational safety regulations. This includes the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as helmets, gloves, and safety shoes. Compliance with these regulations helps to protect employees from the risk of injury and accidents.

In addition, occupational safety regulations require regular inspection and maintenance of transportation vehicles and equipment. All vehicles such as trucks, ships, and airplanes must be thoroughly inspected before each trip to ensure they are operating stably and safely. Lifting and goods handling equipment also needs to be regularly maintained to avoid technical problems. Management and employees must ensure that all equipment is used correctly and is in the best condition.

6. Handling Emergency Occupational Accidents in Freight Forwarding

Handling emergency occupational accidents in freight forwarding requires a quick and effective response. When an accident occurs, the first thing to do is to ensure the safety of all involved. The freight forwarder should move away from the hazardous area and immediately report the incident to management and emergency services such as medical or fire. This helps to minimize the risk of further injury and ensures that the injured receive timely assistance.

While waiting for assistance from emergency services, the freight forwarder should take basic first aid measures if someone is injured. This includes stopping bleeding, bandaging wounds, or providing respiratory support if necessary. Freight forwarders should be trained in basic first aid skills to be able to respond effectively in these situations. Preparation and a quick response will help to minimize the serious consequences of the accident.

After the emergency situation has been controlled, a detailed investigation should be conducted to determine the cause of the accident. Recording all relevant details and creating a full report is necessary to understand the cause and implement preventive measures in the future. Management should review existing safety procedures and make improvements if necessary, to ensure that similar incidents do not recur. This not only helps to improve occupational safety but also enhances the efficiency and morale of employees.

IV. Occupational Safety and Health for Packaging Operators

1. Characteristics of Packaging Work

The characteristics of a Packaging Operator’s job mainly revolve around preparing and packaging goods for shipment. This job requires meticulousness and attention to detail to ensure that goods are packaged securely and safely, minimizing the risk of damage during transportation. Packaging operators must be well-versed in packaging standards and procedures, using the right type of material and method appropriate for different types of goods.

In addition to packaging, operators also have to check the quality of the goods before packaging. This includes checking whether the goods are damaged, missing, or do not meet the standards before being packaged. They need to use supporting tools and equipment to ensure everything is done accurately and efficiently. This helps ensure that the goods reach the customer in the best condition, thereby enhancing the company’s reputation and service quality.

2. Types of Occupational Accidents in Goods Packaging

The types of occupational accidents in the goods packaging process can occur for various reasons. One of the common accidents is injury from using cutting tools and packaging machinery. Packaging operators often have to use box cutters, scissors, and automatic machines to process packaging materials. If they do not follow proper safety procedures, they can be cut, punctured, or have their hands caught during work. To prevent this, it is very necessary to train employees on how to properly use these tools.

In addition, accidents from lifting and moving goods are also a concern. Packaging operators often have to lift, pull, and move heavy boxes. If they do not perform the lifting technique correctly, they can suffer from injuries to their muscles, back, and joints. Using assistive equipment such as trolleys, conveyors, and mechanical lifts is an effective way to reduce this risk. In addition, training on proper lifting techniques also helps to protect the health of employees.

3. Causes of Occupational Accidents in Goods Packaging

The causes of occupational accidents in goods packaging often stem from various factors. First of all, a lack of knowledge and skills in occupational safety is one of the main causes. Packaging operators who are not fully trained on how to use cutting tools and packaging machinery can easily make mistakes in the work process, leading to injuries such as being cut, punctured, or caught. Ensuring that all employees are trained in occupational safety is essential to reduce this risk.

In addition, work overload and time pressure also contribute to accidents. Packaging operators often have to work with a large volume of goods in a short period, which can easily lead to fatigue and lack of concentration. Fatigue can reduce the ability to react and judge, increasing the risk of accidents. Therefore, management needs to ensure a reasonable work environment, not overloaded, and provide enough rest time for employees to maintain good health and morale.

4. Measures to Prevent Occupational Accidents in Goods Packaging

Take tests at occupational safety centers to obtain an occupational safety card to properly supplement your work records. Measures to prevent occupational accidents in goods packaging are an important factor in ensuring the safety of employees and goods.

First, occupational safety training is necessary. Packaging operators must be thoroughly trained on how to properly use cutting tools and packaging machinery. Regular training courses will help employees master safety techniques, thereby minimizing the risk of accidents due to improper use of equipment.

In addition, regular inspection and maintenance of packaging equipment is very important. Management needs to ensure that all machinery and tools are regularly inspected to detect and promptly repair any failures or technical errors. This not only helps the machinery to operate effectively but also prevents accidents caused by faulty equipment. In addition, the use of assistive equipment such as trolleys and conveyors can reduce the burden and risk of injury for employees.

5. Occupational Safety Regulations for Goods Packaging

Occupational safety regulations for goods packaging are an important factor in protecting the health and safety of employees. First, all employees must strictly adhere to the regulations on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This includes wearing gloves, safety glasses, and safety shoes to protect against cuts, punctures, and impacts. PPE helps to minimize the risk of injury during the handling and packaging of goods.

In addition, the regulations require that all equipment and machinery used in the packaging process be regularly maintained and inspected. Employees must be trained on how to safely use this machinery, and also always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use. Regular inspection helps to detect technical problems early and prevent incidents that could cause accidents. Management needs to ensure that all equipment is working well and is used for its intended purpose.

6. Handling Emergency Occupational Accidents in Goods Packaging

Handling emergency occupational accidents in goods packaging requires a quick and effective response. When an accident occurs, the first thing to do is to ensure the safety of all involved. Employees should immediately stop all activities and move away from the hazardous area. At the same time, notify management and call emergency services such as medical or fire if necessary, to ensure that professional assistance will arrive in a timely manner.

While waiting for assistance from emergency services, basic first aid is very important. Employees should be trained in first aid skills to be able to perform measures such as stopping bleeding, bandaging wounds, or providing artificial respiration if necessary. Preparation and a quick response will help to minimize injury and risk to the victim. First aid kits should be fully equipped and easily accessible in the work area.

After the emergency situation has been controlled, management should conduct a detailed investigation to determine the cause of the accident. Recording all relevant details and creating a full report is necessary to understand the cause and implement preventive measures in the future. Management should also review existing safety procedures and make improvements if necessary to ensure that similar incidents do not recur. This not only helps to improve occupational safety but also improves the efficiency and morale of employees.

PART III: Further Reference