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Safety measures to ensure a stable and effective work environment. Read now to enhance your knowledge and practice of safety in the ceramic tile production process.

Table of Contents

PART I: CURRENT STATE OF SAFETY IN THE CERAMIC TILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

I. General Situation

The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs informs sectors and localities of the occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 and outlines key solutions to proactively prevent incidents and accidents in the last 6 months of 2024. According to reports from 61 out of 63 centrally governed provinces and cities, in the first 6 months of 2024, there were a total of 3,201 occupational accidents nationwide (a decrease of 227 cases, equivalent to 7.09% compared to the same period in 2023), resulting in 3,065 victims (a decrease of 197 people, equivalent to 6.04% compared to the first 6 months of 2023), including both employees under labor contracts and those working without labor contracts. Specifically:

Number of fatal occupational accidents: 320 cases, a decrease of 25 cases (7.25%) compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 245 cases in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 28 cases or 10.3%; and 75 cases in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 3 cases or 4.2% compared to the first 6 months of 2023);
Number of deaths due to occupational accidents: 346 people, a decrease of 7 people or 1.98% compared to the same period in 2023 (including 268 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 13 people or 4.63%; and 78 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 6 people or 8.33%).
Number of people seriously injured: 810 people, an increase of 26 people or 3.32% compared to the first 6 months of 2023 (including 710 in areas with labor relations, a decrease of 5 people or 0.7%; and 100 in areas without labor contracts, an increase of 31 people or 44.92%).

Download the PDF file Occupational Accident Report – First 6 Months of 2024 issued by the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs.

The occupational accident situation in the first 6 months of 2024 in both sectors with and without labor relations saw a decrease in the number of deaths and fatal accidents compared to the same period in 2023.

II. Some occupational accidents in ceramic tile manufacturing plants

In the ceramic tile manufacturing industry, several occupational accidents have drawn attention due to their impact on the safety and health of employees. These incidents not only pose a serious risk to workers but also present significant challenges for safety management in this work environment.

1. Risks from Grinding and Cutting Machines

In the process of producing ceramic tiles, the use of grinding and cutting machines is unavoidable. However, there have been many cases of accidents due to unexpected incidents when working with these devices. Employees may face the risk of injury from cuts, or the grinding machine can cause an accident if not operated correctly.

2. Dangers from Materials and Chemicals

The use and handling of various materials and chemicals in the ceramic tile production process is a major challenge. Accidents can occur when employees come into contact with skin-irritating substances, or if there is a deviation in the chemical handling process, it can lead to a dangerous incident.

3. Consequences of Lifting Accidents

In the process of transporting and handling products, lifting is an important part of the job. However, many accidents occur due to improper lifting, leading to injuries and muscle damage for employees.

Occupational accidents in the ceramic tile manufacturing industry pose significant challenges to occupational safety and risk management. Businesses need to focus on training employees, conducting regular safety inspections, and improving work processes to minimize risks and protect the health of workers.

PART II: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN CERAMIC TILE PRODUCTION

I. Occupational safety and health for employees operating clay mixing machines to prepare for ceramic tile production

1. Job characteristics of operating a clay mixing machine to prepare for ceramic tile production

In the production process of ceramic tiles, operating the clay mixing machine plays a crucial role, especially in the raw material preparation stage. This requires professionalism and efficiency in the specific stages of the production process. The job of operating a clay mixing machine has important characteristics that need attention.

First, the operator needs a clear understanding of the composition of the clay and the specific mixture ratio to ensure the quality of the final product. The process of measuring and mixing the clay requires precision to achieve the desired results.

Second, controlling the correct pressure and mixing time is another important factor. This ensures that the clay is evenly combined and creates a mixture with the appropriate viscosity, which helps to increase its formability and shaping ability when producing ceramic tiles.

Finally, regular maintenance and inspection of the mixing machine are essential steps to ensure continuous and stable operation. This process helps to prevent technical failures and ensures that the mixing machine operates stably throughout the production cycle.

2. Types of accidents during the operation of a clay mixing machine to prepare for ceramic tile production

Chemical accidents are also a hazard, especially when working with various chemicals in the clay mixing process. Workers must strictly adhere to safety rules and use personal protective equipment to avoid unwanted contact with hazardous substances.

In addition, accidents due to technical failures also occur frequently. A lack of regular maintenance and periodic inspection can lead to electrical, mechanical, or automation problems, threatening the safety of employees.

Faced with these risks, training in occupational safety and emergency procedures is important so that employees can react quickly in an emergency. In this way, the risk of accidents can be minimized and a safe work environment can be ensured during the operation of the clay mixing machine.

3. Causes of accidents when operating a clay mixing machine to prepare for ceramic tile production

There are many causes of accidents during the operation of a clay mixing machine to prepare raw materials for ceramic tile production. One of the main risks is the lack of attention and concentration of employees, especially when performing sensitive tasks such as measuring raw materials or controlling machinery.

Technical failures also occur frequently because the mixing machine is not regularly maintained or lacks periodic inspection. Problems with electricity, mechanics, or automation can lead to dangerous situations, putting raw materials and employees at risk.

A lack of knowledge and professional skill is also a significant cause. Employees need to have a clear understanding of the properties of the clay and the mixing process to avoid common mistakes that can lead to accidents.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when operating a clay mixing machine to prepare for ceramic tile production

To ensure occupational safety during the operation of a clay mixing machine, implementing accident prevention measures is important. Occupational safety training plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of accidents. Employees need to be trained on safety procedures, the use of personal protective equipment, and the recognition of potential risks when working with the mixing machine.

Controlling the quality of the clay and the mixture ratio is an important part of the process. Ensuring that employees have a clear understanding of the properties of the raw materials and the mixing process helps to reduce the risk of errors and accidents.

Regular maintenance and safety checks for the mixing machine is another measure to prevent technical failures. Employees need to be trained to perform basic maintenance steps and to report immediately if any technical problems are detected.

5. Occupational safety regulations when operating a clay mixing machine to prepare for ceramic tile production

Occupational safety regulations when operating a clay mixing machine in the preparation for ceramic tile production play a crucial role in protecting employees and property. Employees must strictly adhere to safety measures, including wearing personal protective equipment, such as helmets, gloves, and safety glasses.

The regulations also set requirements for periodic occupational safety training, ensuring that all employees are provided with the necessary information and skills to work safely with the mixing machine. This also includes guidance on specific safety procedures when operating the machine and handling emergencies.

The regulations should focus on maintaining and controlling the quality of raw materials, ensuring that employees have a clear understanding of the technical and safety parameters when performing tasks related to the clay. At the same time, the regulations should also address technical risk control measures to prevent incidents and accidents during the ceramic tile production process.

6. Handling emergency accidents when operating a clay mixing machine to prepare for ceramic tile production

In the event of an emergency accident while operating a clay mixing machine to prepare for ceramic tile production, employees must follow the safety procedures they have been trained on. First, as soon as a problem is detected, the employee must immediately stop the mixing machine and report the situation to the manager and teammates.

The emergency warning and nursing system should also be activated to ensure the safety of all employees. Meanwhile, employees must use personal protective equipment and move out of the hazardous area if possible. At the same time, the emergency notification mechanism should be activated to get quick support from the first aid teams.

Maintaining calm and applying first aid training skills is important. Employees must know how to give first aid to their teammates and perform basic first aid measures for the victim. At the same time, reporting the accident immediately helps to keep up with the consequences and supports the investigation process.

II. Occupational safety and health for employees operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture

1. Job characteristics of operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture

The process of operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture requires high precision and technical skill. Machine operators must have extensive knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the clay, as well as a clear understanding of the firing and forming process.

The job begins with the preparation of the raw materials; the clay is fed into the machine in precise proportions. The operator needs to monitor the pressure and temperature to ensure that the clay mixing process is strong and uniform.

Then, the clay mixture is put into a mold for shaping. This process requires maximum precision to ensure that the final size and shape of the ceramic tile meet the requirements. The operator needs to continuously check and adjust the machine to avoid errors.

The firing process is the final important step. The operator must monitor the temperature and firing time to ensure that the ceramic tiles achieve the desired hardness and durability.

2. Types of accidents during the operation of a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture

During the operation of a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture, there are accident risks that employees need to be aware of. Some common problems include a loss of safety when placing raw materials into the machine, which can lead to serious accidents.

Another risk is the forming process; if the machine is not tightly controlled, errors can occur in the shaping of the ceramic tiles. This not only reduces the quality of the product but also increases the risk of injury to the worker.

While firing, an inability to control the temperature can lead to unwanted changes in the properties of the ceramic tiles, affecting the hardness and strength of the final product.

To minimize risks, safety training is important, including guidance on how to use the machine safely and accident prevention measures. At the same time, regular maintenance and inspection of the machinery also play an important role in minimizing unwanted incidents.

3. Causes of accidents when operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture

Accidents during the operation of a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture are often caused mainly by human and technical process factors. A failure to ensure safety when placing raw materials into the machine can lead to a loss of balance and cause an accident. A lack of employee training causes them to not recognize the risk and to not implement safety measures.

During the forming stage, a lack of tight control over the machine can lead to incidents in the shaping of the ceramic tiles, such as uneven pressure or shape deviation. The cause can stem from a technical failure on the machine or from a lack of understanding from the operator.

During the firing stage, a lack of temperature control can cause a sudden change in the quality of the ceramic tiles, reducing the hardness and durability of the product. This can stem from not clearly defining the firing process or the temperature control equipment not working correctly.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture

To ensure safety during the operation of a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture, applying preventive measures is important, especially in the context of Workplace Environment Monitoring.

A key measure is to ensure that employees are fully trained on occupational safety and operating procedures. This helps them to recognize and deal with potential risks in the work process. Workplace environment monitoring can help to track factors such as pressure, temperature, and dust levels to ensure that the work environment is always stable and safe.

The warning system and safety protection on the machine also need to be regularly checked and maintained to ensure effective operation. At the same time, the workplace environment monitoring equipment should be installed and properly maintained to provide accurate information about the work environment.

5. Occupational safety regulations when operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture

Occupational safety regulations when operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture play an important role in protecting the health and lives of employees. Employees must be trained on safety procedures, including how to use personal protective equipment such as masks, safety glasses, and other protective gear.

The regulations also include following safety principles in the process of placing raw materials into the machine, ensuring that all processes are carried out strongly and effectively. Employees must be instructed on how to control pressure and temperature to avoid dangerous situations.

During the forming stage, safety regulations set standards for product quality and ensure that all processes are closely monitored. Preventive measures for accidents and technical failures are also included in the regulations to minimize risks.

6. Handling emergency accidents when operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture

Handling an emergency accident situation when operating a machine to form ceramic tiles from a clay mixture requires quick and effective action from the employees. In the event of an incident, the worker must immediately notify the manager and surrounding colleagues.

Protecting oneself is the top priority. The worker should stop the machine and ensure that all safety devices are activated. Using personal protective equipment is important to reduce the risk of injury.

Immediately after, the employee needs to check the condition of the victim and perform first aid measures if necessary. Call for emergency services and provide accurate information about the victim’s condition.

III. Occupational safety and health for employees operating ceramic tile firing kilns

1. Job characteristics of operating a ceramic tile firing kiln

One of the important characteristics is controlling the firing temperature to ensure that the ceramic tiles are fired evenly without causing cracking, deformation, or discoloration. The technicians need to closely monitor this process and adjust the kiln depending on the type of ceramic tile and the specific requirements of the product.

Managing the input raw materials also plays an important role in operating the machine. The employees must ensure that the amount of raw materials, such as clay and minerals, is supplied in the correct quantity and of guaranteed quality. This directly affects the final quality of the product.

Finally, monitoring and maintaining the cooling and cleaning process of the machine is important to ensure the efficiency and lifespan of the machine. This includes regularly checking the cooling systems, cleaning the firing residue, and maintaining other important components to avoid incidents and keep the machine operating stably.

2. Types of accidents during the operation of a ceramic tile firing kiln

During the operation of a ceramic tile firing kiln, many types of accidents can occur, requiring attention and careful risk management from the employees. One of the main risks is accidents related to high temperatures. The employees must be careful to avoid being burned or scalded when in direct contact with the kiln. The use of personal protective equipment is important to minimize this risk.

Accidents due to a lack of safety in the firing process are also a prominent issue. The improper use of raw materials or not properly maintaining the parts of the kiln can lead to unwanted incidents, even causing equipment damage or explosions. Employees need to be thoroughly trained and follow the safety rules.

Furthermore, accidents can stem from the management of input raw materials. If the quantity and quality of the raw materials are not controlled, an unstable technical situation can occur, leading to accidents in the production process. This places a high demand on quality control and process control.

3. Causes of accidents when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln

The causes of accidents when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln is an important issue that requires attention and careful management from the employees. One of the main causes is a lack of safety awareness. When employees do not fully follow the safety rules and do not use personal protective equipment correctly, the risk of accidents increases significantly.

Working under high temperatures is another cause. When in direct contact with the kiln or other heat sources, there is a risk of being burned or scalded. Ensuring that employees are fully trained and have a clear understanding of how to stay safe in the work environment is important.

The management of input raw materials can also be a cause of accidents. If the quality and quantity of the raw materials are not controlled, a technical incident can occur, causing danger in the production process. This places a high demand on quality control and risk management.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln

To prevent accidents when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln, establishing and maintaining safety measures is important. First of all, ensuring that employees are fully trained on safety rules and understand personal protective equipment is key. This includes the use of helmets, protective clothing, safety glasses, and other equipment to minimize risks from hazardous sources.

Implementing safety measures when working under high temperatures is also important. This includes ensuring that employees are provided with protective means such as heat-resistant gloves and keeping warm, as well as following the correct work procedures in a high-temperature environment to avoid burns and scalds.

In addition, properly and regularly maintaining the kiln is also an important preventive measure. Maintaining the cooling system, cleaning the firing residue, and checking the important components helps to reduce the risk of incidents and ensures that the machine operates stably.

5. Occupational safety regulations when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln

Occupational safety regulations when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln are key to ensuring a safe and effective work environment. First, employees must be trained on the specific safety rules applicable to the kiln. This includes understanding the proper use of personal protective equipment, such as helmets, protective clothing, and safety glasses.

The regulations also need to address working under high temperatures. Employees must follow the correct work procedures in a high-temperature environment, and use the correct protective means such as heat-resistant gloves and keeping warm, to minimize the risk of burns and scalds.

At the same time, the occupational safety regulations expect employees to perform machine maintenance correctly and regularly. Checking the cooling system, cleaning the firing residue, and maintaining the important components helps to ensure that the machine operates stably without incidents.

6. Handling emergency accidents when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln

Handling an emergency accident situation when operating a ceramic tile firing kiln requires coordination and quick awareness from the employees. In the event of an accident, the first thing to do is to report it immediately to the manager or the safety department in the factory. This helps to trigger the emergency response process and to deploy the necessary measures.

Employees need to be trained to use safety equipment and first aid equipment correctly. They need to know how to use fire extinguishers, fire alarm systems, and other first aid equipment to minimize injuries and protect themselves and their colleagues.

The most important thing is to maintain a calm state and follow the priority plan in an emergency. Identifying the cause of the accident and performing the correct first aid measures is a crucial decision. Quick coordination between employees and the safety team will help to minimize damage and ensure maximum safety.

IV. Occupational safety and health for employees operating ceramic tile glazing machines

1. Job characteristics of operating a ceramic tile glazing machine

First, the machine operator needs to inspect and prepare the raw materials for glazing. This process includes checking the moisture content of the ceramic tiles and preparing a suitable glaze mixture. The accuracy of this step has a great impact on the final quality of the product.

Then, the machine operator needs to set up the machine accurately to ensure the glazing process runs smoothly and efficiently. This includes setting parameters such as rotation speed, pressure, and temperature appropriate for the specific type of ceramic tile being produced.

Another important factor is controlling the product quality throughout the operation process. The worker needs to regularly check the ceramic tile samples to ensure that the color, gloss, and temperature resistance all meet the quality standards.

In summary, operating a ceramic tile glazing machine requires precision, skill, and continuous observation to ensure the final product meets the requirements of quality and the market.

2. Types of accidents during the operation of a ceramic tile glazing machine

During the operation of a ceramic tile glazing machine, various types of accidents can occur, requiring warning and strict risk management. Some common problems include accidents related to occupational safety and equipment operation.

First, accidents related to occupational safety can occur from the use of tools and equipment without following the correct safety rules. This can include not using full personal protective equipment, such as a helmet or gloves, leading to a risk of injury.

Second, operational accidents can occur when the machine is not properly maintained. Technical failures such as power loss, equipment breakdown, or automation errors can pose a serious risk to employees and lead to production disruptions.

To minimize risk, training employees on occupational safety and safe operating procedures is very important. In addition, properly maintaining machinery and equipment also plays an important role in preventing unwanted incidents.

3. Causes of accidents when operating a ceramic tile glazing machine

Accidents during the operation of a ceramic tile glazing machine have various causes. One of the main causes is a lack of training and understanding of the work process. Employees with insufficient experience or who do not have a clear understanding of the safety and operating procedures can create unwanted risks.

Second, a lack of maintenance and regular inspection of the machinery is the source of many accidents. Equipment that is not operating correctly or that is broken down can lead to dangerous situations, especially when the machine is running at high speed.

In addition, human factors such as a lack of concentration and attention also contribute to incidents. A noisy work environment, time pressure, and fatigue can reduce the concentration of employees, increasing the risk of errors during operation.

To prevent accidents, comprehensive and rigorous employee training, regular maintenance of machinery, and creating a safe work environment are important. A deep understanding of the operating process and consistency in implementing safety measures can minimize risks and protect employees.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when operating a ceramic tile glazing machine

To ensure safety when operating a ceramic tile glazing machine, applying preventive measures is important. First, training employees on occupational safety and the correct operating procedures is key. Employees need to have a solid knowledge of how to use equipment, protective gear, and emergency measures.

Second, properly maintaining the machinery through a regular maintenance schedule helps to reduce the risk of incidents and accidents. Technical inspection, early repair of minor problems, and regular replacement of broken components are effective preventive measures.

In addition, creating a safe work environment by minimizing factors that cause a loss of concentration, such as noise and time pressure, also plays an important role. High concentration helps employees to recognize and respond quickly to risky situations.

5. Occupational safety regulations when operating a ceramic tile glazing machine

Occupational safety regulations when operating a ceramic tile glazing machine set out important criteria to protect employees and to ensure the production process is safe. First, all employees must be trained on safety procedures and the use of personal protective equipment. This includes wearing full protective gear, such as safety glasses, a helmet, and gloves.

The regulations also propose regular inspections for machinery and equipment, with a strict maintenance schedule to ensure they are always operating correctly. In addition, all emergency safety measures also need to be discussed and trained for employees, helping them to know how to respond when an incident occurs.

The work environment is also emphasized, with regulations on reducing noise and time pressure to increase concentration and reduce fatigue. In addition, clear notification of hazardous areas and instructions on the safe use of work equipment are important factors in these regulations.

6. Handling emergency accidents when operating a ceramic tile glazing machine

Handling an emergency accident situation when operating a ceramic tile glazing machine requires quick thinking and preparation skills from the employees. In the event of an incident, the most important thing is to remain calm. Employees should immediately report the situation to the manager and activate the warning system quickly.

Second, training employees on first aid and first aid skills is important. Basic first aid measures such as creating a safe place, checking the victim’s condition, and calling for an ambulance can be a crucial decision between life and death.

Planning for an emergency is an important part of the safety process. All employees need to know how to use safety equipment such as a first aid kit and have a regular training schedule to update their skills.

V. Occupational safety and health for employees packaging ceramic tiles

1. Job characteristics of packaging ceramic tiles

First of all, the packaging process usually includes arranging the ceramic tiles into packaging units of appropriate size and weight. This requires special attention to avoid damaging or breaking the tiles during this process. In addition, the use of appropriate protective materials such as foam, wrapping paper, or shock-absorbing materials is important to minimize the risk of loss during delivery.

Another important aspect of the packaging job is ensuring compliance with safety rules and standards. Workers often need to be trained to ensure they use personal protective equipment correctly and perform the packaging steps safely. This not only protects them from the risk of injury but also ensures that the packaged product meets quality standards.

In summary, the job of packaging ceramic tiles not only requires precision in arranging the product but also demands high compliance with safety rules and quality standards. This helps to ensure that the final product is sent to the customer in the best possible quality and as safely as possible.

2. Types of accidents during the packaging of ceramic tiles

During the process of packaging ceramic tiles, various types of accidents can occur and require special attention from both employees and management. One of the common risks is injury from heavy objects falling or being moved unsafely during the packaging process. This places a requirement on the use of personal protective equipment, such as helmets and gloves, to minimize the risk of head and hand injuries.

Other accidents can be related to the use of packaging machinery and equipment. Employees need to be properly trained to use this equipment safely and effectively. A lack of attention to safety rules can lead to accidents such as hand or finger injuries, or even the loss of a finger.

In addition, a failure to ensure safety during the lifting and transportation of packaged ceramic tiles can also lead to accidents. Employees need to be instructed on how to handle and move the product safely to avoid the risk of loss and injury.

3. Causes of accidents when packaging ceramic tiles

There are many causes of accidents during the process of packaging ceramic tiles, and an understanding of them is important to establish effective safety measures. One of the main causes is a lack of attention and awareness from the employees. A lack of concern or failure to ensure personal safety can lead to performing packaging tasks in an unsafe manner, increasing the risk of injury.

Another cause is a lack of understanding of how to properly use the equipment and machinery in the packaging process. Employees need to be fully trained to use these tools safely and effectively, to avoid situations of improper use leading to accidents.

A lack of procedures and safety rules is also a major cause. When there are no clear instructions on how to perform the packaging steps safely, employees can be exposed to unnecessary risks. This increases the likelihood of accidents and reduces the overall efficiency of the packaging process.

4. Measures to prevent accidents when packaging ceramic tiles

To prevent accidents when packaging ceramic tiles, implementing safety measures is important. First of all, ensure that all employees are trained in occupational safety and the proper use of personal protective equipment, including helmets, gloves, and anti-slip shoes.

Implementing the packaging process according to safety guidelines is an important measure. This includes arranging the product carefully, using appropriate packaging materials to avoid damage, and using tools and machinery safely.

Improving safety awareness through regular training and clear communication about safety rules is important. An understanding of the risks and how to prevent them helps to create a safer work environment.

Finally, establishing a monitoring system to ensure the correct implementation of safety measures. This may include regular checks, collecting feedback from employees, and making necessary adjustments to improve safety performance.

5. Occupational safety regulations when packaging ceramic tiles

Occupational safety regulations when packaging ceramic tiles are an important part of ensuring a safe and effective work environment. Employees often have to follow basic rules such as using personal protective equipment, including helmets, gloves, and anti-slip shoes to reduce the risk of injury.

The regulations also set out guidelines on how to use packaging machinery and equipment safely. Employees need to be trained to use these tools correctly, and regular inspection is also an important part to ensure they are working correctly and safely.

The packaging process system is also mentioned in the occupational safety regulations. Arranging the product carefully and using appropriate packaging materials is important to avoid damage and minimize the risk of injury.

6. Handling emergency accidents when packaging ceramic tiles

In the event of an emergency accident while packaging ceramic tiles, a quick and mature response is key. Employees need to be trained to know how to handle the situation immediately, including calling for an ambulance and reporting the accident to management.

The situation handling process should focus on the safety of all employees. This may include using personal protective equipment to protect against the risk of exposure to toxic materials or prohibited substances. At the same time, employees need to know how to use safety means such as emergency exits and fire extinguishers.

Communication in an emergency is also important. Employees need to be trained to communicate with teammates and the authorities effectively to ensure that everyone working in the area is informed and safe.